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Bronze drums of Types Beiliu and Lingshan, two of the eight types of bronze drums in China, represent the highest level of bronze industry in Guangxi during the Han and Tang dynasties. Because of their distinctive ethnic features and generous size, they have received significant attention. Through the study of 12 drums of Type Beiliu and 7 drums of Type Lingshan, the provenance of ore sources, ethnic characteristics, and their correlations are further discussed. According to the analysis results, the above two types of bronze drum share some common features in alloying patterns, lead isotope ratios, and trace elements. However, they exhibit differences in decorative traditions. This research concludes that although the above two types of bronze drums belong to different local powers, extensive communication existed regarding the boundary. A complex relationship of integration, separation, and confrontation existed among them, which was typical of ancient ethnic society.

Bronze drums of Type Beiliu and Type Lingshan are very remarkable among the eight types of bronze drum in China for their distinct ethnic features and huge form, representing the highest level of the bronze industry of Guangxi from the Han to Tang Dynasty. A total of 12 samples from drums of Type Beiliu and 7 from Type Lingshan are investigated in this study, providing a method to further discuss on the provenance of ore sources, ethnics and correlations between them. The analysis results reveal that the above two types of bronze drums share some common features in alloying patterns, lead isotope ratios and trace elements, while differing from each other for their characters (e.g., the decorative traditions). A conclusion can be drawn from this study that even though the above two types of bronze drums belong to different local powers, widely exchanging and communicating existing over ‘the boundary’, integration, as well as separation or confrontation, is suggested as the main status in an ancient ethnic society.

This paper bases on panel data from 30 provinces and municipalities in China spanning the period of 2010 to 2021 to examine the evolving mechanisms and influencing factors of agricultural product circulation efficiency in the provinces along the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) within the context of green total factor productivity (TFP). The study research employs various methodologies including the SBM-DDF model, GML index, system GMM, and global Moran's I index. The findings are as follows: Initially, the provinces along the BRI exhibit an overall negative growth trend in the green TFP of agricultural product circulation, with a noticeable decline observed particularly after the initiation of the BRI in 2014. Secondly, foreign investment levels significantly contribute to the positive enhancement of green TFP in agricultural product circulation among the provinces along the BRI. Eventually, environmental regulations, government support, and the level of international trade in agricultural products exert significant negative impacts. Thirdly, the results of spatial effect tests reveal substantial spatial spillover effects in the green TFP of agricultural product circulation among the provinces along the BRI, as demonstrated through examinations utilizing three distinct spatial matrices.

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