Background Hypertension and diabetes are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. Telemedicine is an accessible and cost-effective means of supporting hypertension and diabetes management, especially as the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of technological solutions for care. However, to date, no review has examined the contextual factors that influence the implementation of telemedicine interventions for hypertension or diabetes worldwide. Objective We adopted a comprehensive implementation research perspective to synthesize the barriers to and facilitators of implementing telemedicine interventions for the management of hypertension, diabetes, or both. Methods We performed a scoping review involving searches in Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify studies published in English from 2017 to 2022 describing barriers and facilitators related to the implementation of telemedicine interventions for hypertension and diabetes management. The coding and synthesis of barriers and facilitators were guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Results Of the 17,687 records identified, 35 (0.2%) studies were included in our scoping review. We found that facilitators of and barriers to implementation were dispersed across the constructs of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Barriers related to cost, patient needs and resources (eg, lack of consideration of language needs, culture, and rural residency), and personal attributes of patients (eg, demographics and priorities) were the most common. Facilitators related to the design and packaging of the intervention (eg, user-friendliness), patient needs and resources (eg, personalized information that leveraged existing strengths), implementation climate (eg, intervention embedded into existing infrastructure), knowledge of and beliefs about the intervention (eg, convenience of telemedicine), and other personal attributes (eg, technical literacy) were the most common. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the successful implementation of telemedicine interventions for hypertension and diabetes requires comprehensive efforts at the planning, execution, engagement, and reflection and evaluation stages of intervention implementation to address challenges at the individual, interpersonal, organizational, and environmental levels.

BACKGROUND Hypertension and diabetes are increasingly prevalent around the world. Telemedicine is an accessible and cost-effective means of supporting hypertension and diabetes management, especially as the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of technological solutions to care. However, to date, no review has examined the contextual factors that influence the implementation of telemedicine interventions for hypertension and/or diabetes globally. OBJECTIVE We adopted a comprehensive implementation research perspective to synthesize the barriers and facilitators to implementing telemedicine interventions for hypertension and/or diabetes management. METHODS We performed a scoping review, involving searches in Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, to identify studies published in English from 2017 to 2022 describing barriers and facilitators related to the implementation of telemedicine interventions for hypertension and diabetes management. The coding and synthesis of barriers and facilitators were guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). RESULTS Of the 17685 records identified, 35 studies were included in our scoping review. We found that facilitators and barriers to implementation were dispersed across the constructs in the CFIR framework. Barriers related to cost, patient needs and resources (e.g., lack of consideration of language needs, culture, rural residency), personal attributes of patients (e.g., demographics and priorities) were most common. Facilitators related to the design and packaging of the intervention (e.g., user-friendliness), patient needs and resources (e.g., personalized information that leveraged existing strengths), implementation climate (e.g., intervention embedded into existing infrastructure), knowledge and beliefs about the intervention (e.g., convenience of telemedicine), and other personal attributes (e.g., technical literacy) were most common. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that successful implementation of telemedicine interventions for hypertension and diabetes requires comprehensive efforts at the planning, executing, engaging, and reflecting and evaluating stages of intervention implementation in order to address challenges at the individual, interpersonal, organizational, and environmental levels.