Downlink exposure to electromagnetic fields due to cellular base stations in urban environments is studied using the stochastic geometry framework. A two-dimensional Poisson point process is assumed for the base station distribution. Mathematical expressions of statistics of exposure are derived from a simple propagation model taking into account the height of the base stations. The error on exposure made by taking a limited number of base stations, instead of the whole set, is quantified. The relative impact of the model parameters on the statistics of exposure is highlighted. The method is then applied and the model parameters are calibrated using experimental data obtained by drive-tests in two Brussels municipalities, in Belgium, for the 2100 MHz and 2600 MHz frequency bands. It is shown that the proposed model fits experimental values, paving the way to a new methodology to assess general public exposure to electromagnetic fields, for any frequency band. An insight is given on how to apply the methodology to a real case without access to experimental data.

Exposure to electromagnetic fields due to cellular networks in an urban environment is studied using stochastic geometry. We describe a simple but functional and realistic semi-empirical model based on the modeling of base station patterns as Poisson Point Processes and applied to two Brussels municipalities. Using this model, a study of the impact of base station densification is performed according to two theoretical scenarios. From simple assumptions, it is concluded that global exposure is expected to remain approximately constant in the case of intelligent network evolution involving the densification of macro cells and the addition of a network of low-power small cells.