The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has created havoc worldwide. Due to the non-availability of any vaccine or drugs against COVID-19, immunotherapies involving convalescent plasma, immunoglobulins, antibodies (monoclonal or polyclonal), and the use of immunomodulatory agents to enhance immunity are valuable alternative options. Cell-based therapies including natural killer cells, T cells, stem cells along with cytokines and toll-like receptors (TLRs) based therapies are also being exploited potentially against COVID-19. Future research need to strengthen the field of developing effective immunotherapeutics and immunomodulators with a thrust of providing appropriate, affordable, convenient, and cost-effective prophylactic and treatment regimens to combat global COVID-19 crisis that has led to a state of medical emergency enforcing entire countries of the world to devote their research infrastructure and manpower in tackling this pandemic.

Aim: The detach of this research was to expand the relatively limited database on the efficiency of tubal surgery for the treatment of female sterility in Pakistan. Methodology: It was a qualitative descriptive series that took place at the Gynecology Unit of Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad from May 2020 to April 2021. The research comprised 25 individuals who had tubal obstruction due to tubal illness or prior tubal ligation and were unwilling or unable to pay for assisted reproductive treatments. After a thorough assessment and evaluation of the pair, patients who presented with Fibroidectomy and azoospermia were eliminated from the research. Tuboplasty was performed on individuals utilizing open laparotomy procedures such as tubal excision and anastomosis, aerolysin, fimbriate, and salpingostomy. HSG examined the relatively brief result at three months and the lengthy result in the form of conceptions. The analytical program SPSS version 24 was used to look into the information. For constant factors like age and gender, standard deviations and means have been computed, whereas rates and percentages were determined for categorical data including such research outcomes. Results: Absolute effectiveness was reported in 11 patients (53%), with 8 (36%) produced owing to restoration of sterilization,2 (9%) produced after a combined of acheilia's as well as fimbriate on one side and salpingostomy on the other, and the second three (19%) produced after fimbriate and adhesiolysis. Conclusion: Tuboplasty proved effective in regaining fertility in individuals who were unable to afford IVF due to expense, societal standards, or religious principles. Keywords: Tuboplasty, IVF, Subfertility, Tubal patency test.

Vaccines are vital for prevention and control of mycoplasma diseases. The exploration of a vaccine candidate for the development of a vaccine is imperative. The present study envisages the evaluation of immune and oxidative response against an adjuvanted, sonicated antigen of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumonia in male Angora rabbits (1 year old, 2 Kg) divided in four groups, each having six animals. Group 1 was the healthy control and received 1 mL PBS via subcutaneous route. Group 2 was administered 1 mL of saponin-adjuvanted and -sonicated antigen, Group 3 was given 1 mL of montanide ISA 50-adjuvanted and-sonicated antigen, and Group 4 was given 1 mL of standard vaccine via subcutaneous route. Animals were evaluated for cellular and humoral immune response and oxidative parameters at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of the study. Total leukocytic, neutrophilic, and basophilic counts showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in vaccinated groups compared to the healthy group on most of the intervals. TNF-α levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the Group 2 than the Group 1 at all the time intervals and more comparable to Group 4 than Group 3. IL-10 levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in vaccinated groups compared to the healthy group on days 14, 21, and 28, but were lower in Group 3 than in Group 2 and Group 4. More hypersensitivity as inflammation and histopathological cellular infiltration in the ear was produced in Group 2 and Group 4 than in Group 3. IgG levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in Group 2 and Group 4 than in Group 3 on days 14 and 21. Antibody titers were comparatively higher in Group 4, followed by Group 2 and 3, than Group 1. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher oxidant and lower antioxidant values were noted in Group 2 and 4 compared to Group 3 and Group 1 on most of the intervals. The TLC and antibody titer showed increasing trend throughout the trial, whereas TNF-α, IgG, L, M and E started decreasing from day 14, and IL-10, N and B started decreasing from day 21. This study concludes that the saponin-adjuvanted and-sonicated antigen induces comparatively higher immune response than montanide but is associated with oxidative and inflammatory reactions.