In a previous paper (Coppen and Shaw, 1963) we showed that depressive illness is associated with a considerable increase in residual sodium (intracellular and a small amount of bone sodium), which returns to normal after recovery. We have now extended these investigations to patients suffering from mania. This paper reports our findings in this condition and also in some of these patients who had recovered from their illness or who had swung from mania into depression. We have also compared these findings with our previous results in depression.Methods Twenty-two patients suffering from mania who were admitted to Graylingwell Hospital during a 12-month period were selected for this investigation on the basis of the diagnosis of mania which was made by the consultant psychiatrist in charge of the case and was confirmed by another consultant psychiatrist. Details of age and sex of the patients are shown in Table I. Those patients who were suffering from physical illness, or were over the age of 75, or had taken lithium during the six weeks prior to admission were excluded from the study. One woman who developed diarrhoea and vomiting during the initial illness tests has been rejected from the series. All patients ate a normal ward diet and were up and about the ward and hospital for at least three whole days prior to the initial biochemical test.The biochemical tests were carried out on the first Friday after admission and were repeated four weeks later if the patient was still in hospital. Height was measured on admission and the weight was recorded on the morning of the tests. Clinical assessments were made at the same time as the biochemical tests, but the results were analysed in different centres and were not compared until the investigations on all patients had been completed.Two methods of assessment were employed on the first and fifth Tuesday and Friday after admission. One of us (R. C.) assessed each patient for mood, activity, and talk by means of a nine-point scale for each factor. The second method was to give part of the Hildreth feeling and attitude scales (Hildreth, 1946). As the two feeling scales are the most effective in discriminating between normal and affectively disturbed patients (Fisher, 1949 ;Campbell, 1957 ; Shapiro, Campbell, Harris, and D)ewsbery, 1958), we used these in the assessment of mood. Each scale consists of 10 statements: the patient was asked to tick the phrases which described his feelings most closely at that particular time. The statements in the feeling scales contain ones which would be chosen by depressed, normal, and elated subjects. Each choice has an empirically determined weight ranging from 0.1 to 9.6.In feeling scale 1 we found that one of the higher-scoring "manic " responses-" swell "-was not used at all by the patients, probably because it was an Americanism avoided by even the most exuberant patient. This disturbed the balance of the scale, so the results were analysed on feeling scale 2 alone. Patients scoring between approximately plus or minus one stand...

A feeding trial is described in which 32 individually-fed Large White pigs were used to investigate the effects of variations in the protein and energy status of the diet on growth, efficiency of food utilisation and carcass characteristics. The salient features of the finding were:1. Over the weight interval 50–100 lb., it appeared that 1·0% was a more appropriate level of dietary lysine than one of the order of 0·75%; the former figure corresponded to a level of 5·8% of dietary protein.2. In the ‘finishing phase’ of growth from 100–200 lb. the pig clearly tolerates wider energy : protein ratios than is the case in earlier life, with advantageous results in terms of growth performance but deleterious effects on carcass suitability.3. An increase in dietary energy status in the ‘finishing phase’ yields growth responses only if protein level is appropriately adjusted.4. It is suggested that Large White pigs require a level of 0·5–0·6% of dietary lysine in the ‘finishing’ period.

A considerable volume of literature haa been published over the past 25 years on the 'protein nutrition' of the fattening pig. Commencing with an evaluation of the effects of a wide range of dietary crude protein levels on the commonly recognized indices of pig performance, Woodman and his co-

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An experiment is described in which 64 individually-fed pigs were used to investigate the effects of dietary protein status, administration of aureomycin and hexoestrol implantation on growth, efficiency of feed utilization and carcass conformation. The results of hexoestrol implantation and interactions with the other two variables only are reported here. The pigs were implanted at 120 lb. and again at 150 lb. and killed at 200 lb. live-weight.The main features of hexoestrol treatment were:1. Body length taken from the anterior edge of the aitch bone to the junction of first rib and sternum was significantly increased by 9·75 mm.2. The percentage lean in the carcass was increased by 0·82%, representing approximately 1¼ lb. more lean meat in a 155 lb. carcass. The water content of the lean was increased but not significantly.3. Body fat was reduced but this was not reflected in a significant change in back fat measurements.4. No changes could be detected in the thyroid or adrenals, but whereas male castrates showed little effect of treatment on other organs apart from a certain amount of urethritis, the intact female manifested major changes in the genital tract. The uterus in particular was greatly enlarged and ovarian activity obviously reduced. The implications of these effects are being examined.5. There was no response to treatment in terms of growth rate or efficiency of feed utilization.