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Ferroelectric Si doped HfO2 is a promising candidate for future generation memory devices. However, such devices are vulnerable to significant threshold voltage shifts, resulting from charge trapping in oxide defects. We use complementary characterisation and modelling techniques to reveal significant electron trapping/de-trapping behaviour, together with strong temperature dependence of the electron emission kinetics in ferroelectric layers, which results from the onset of polarisation of the ferroelectric layer. This can lead to an apparent difference in the defect characteristics in ferroelectric-HfO2 than the paraelectric-HfO2 structures they are shown to closely resemble when this contribution is decoupled. Results demonstrate the presence of a defect band closely aligned to the silicon conduction band, which can easily be accessed during device operation.

A method for determining the basic energy characteristics of a hybrid car engine is presented. The technique takes into account parameters of the vehicle and parameters of the driving mode during operation. The basis of the technique is traction power and energy calculation. According to the source data, the flow of energy passing through mechanical, electrical chains and through the storage of electrical energy is determined. The technique is implemented in the form of algorithms for the calculation program and allows one to simultaneously receive the main technical characteristics of the vehicle when it is equipped with a hybrid engine of a sequential, parallel and mixed type. The presented method allows one to obtain the following values: the required power of the internal combustion engine, the required power of the motor generator, the minimum capacity of the electrical energy storage device, the estimated fuel consumption. This article presents an example of calculating the basic parameters of a combined power plant for a car weighing 1500 kg when driving it along the standard European driving test cycle. Similar calculations can also be carried out for any other cycle and parameters of the vehicle, including the bus, truck, and tractor.

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