Under Newtonian dynamics, the relative motion of the components of a binary star should follow a Keplerian scaling with separation. Once orientation effects and a distribution of ellipticities are accounted for, dynamical evolution can be modelled to include the effects of Galactic tides and stellar mass perturbers, over the lifetime of the solar neighbourhood. This furnishes a prediction for the relative velocity between the components of a binary and their projected separation. Taking a carefully selected small sample of 81 solar neighbourhood wide binaries from the Hipparcos catalogue, we identify these same stars in the recent Gaia DR2, to test the prediction mentioned using the latest and most accurate astrometry available. The results are consistent with the Newtonian prediction for projected separations below 7000 AU, but inconsistent with it at larger separations, where accelerations are expected to be lower than the critical a 0 = 1.2 × 10 −10 m s −2 value of MONDian gravity. This result challenges Newtonian gravity at low accelerations and shows clearly the appearance of gravitational anomalies of the type usually attributed to dark matter at galactic scales, now at much smaller 1 March 8, 2019 1:49 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE WB2IJMPR1 2 X. Hernandez et al. stellar scales.

Using the recent GAIA eDR3 catalogue we construct a sample of solar neighbourhood isolated wide binaries satisfying a series of strict signal-to-noise data cuts, exclusion of random association criteria and detailed colour-magnitude diagram selections, to minimize the presence of any kinematic contaminating effects having been discussed in the literature to date. Our final high-purity sample consists of 423 binary pairs within 130 pc of the sun and in all cases high-quality GAIA single-stellar fits for both components of each binary (final average RUWE values of 0.99), both also restricted to the cleanest region of the main sequence. We find kinematics fully consistent with Newtonian expectations for separations, s, below 0.009 pc, with relative velocities scaling with ΔV∝s−1/2 and a total binary mass, Mb, velocity scaling consistent with $\Delta V \propto M_{b}^{1/2}$. For the separation region of s > 0.009 pc we obtain significantly different results, with a separation independent ΔV ≈ 0.5 km/s and a $\Delta V \propto M_{b}^{0.24 \pm 0.21}$. This situation is reminiscent of the low acceleration galactic baryonic Tully-Fisher phenomenology, and indeed, the change from the two regimes we find closely corresponds to the a ≲ a0 transition. These results are at odds not only with Newtonian expectations, but also with MOND predictions, where the presence of an external field effect implies only small deviations from Newtonian dynamics are expected for Solar Neighbourhood wide binaries.

NGC 288 is a diffuse Galactic globular cluster, it is remarkable in that its low density results in internal accelerations being below the critical MOND a 0 acceleration throughout. This makes it an ideal testing ground for MONDian gravity, as the details of the largely unknown transition function between the Newtonian and modified regimes become unimportant. Further, exact analytical solutions exist for isothermal spherical equilibrium structures in MOND, allowing for arbitrary values of the anisotropy parameter, β. In this paper we use observations of the velocity dispersion profile of NGC 288, which is in fact isothermal, as dynamical constraints on MONDian models for this cluster, where the remaining free parameters are adjusted to fit the observed surface brightness profile. We find the optimal fit requires β = 0, an isotropic solution with a total mass of 3.5 ± 1.1 × 10 4 M ⊙ .

Amebiasis and rabies are public health problems, and they have in common a poor inflammatory effect in the target organs that they affect. In the GenBank, it was found that the anti-inflammatory peptide monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF) produced by Entamoeba histolytica homologates 80%, with a fragment of the N protein of the rabies virus. We speculated if the N protein could contribute to the scant inflammatory reaction produced by rabies virus in central nervous system. The N protein was obtained and studied in vitro and in vivo. The N protein, as MLIF, inhibited the respiratory burst in human mononuclear phagocytes (43%, p<0.05), but in contrast to MLIF, it increased chemotaxis and it did not significantly inhibit delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction to 1-chloro-2-4-dinitrobenzene in guinea pigs. Therefore, the full peptide sequence has to be present or it has to be cleaved-free from the large recombinant N protein molecule (55 kDa) to become active.

Under Newtonian gravity total masses for dSph galaxies will scale as M T ∝ R e σ 2 , with R e the effective radius and σ their velocity dispersion. When both of the above quantities are available, the resulting masses are compared to observed stellar luminosities to derive Newtonian mass to light ratios, given a physically motivated proportionality constant in the above expression. For local dSphs and the growing sample of ultrafaint such systems, the above results in the largest mass to light ratios of any galactic systems known, with values in the hundreds and even thousands being common. The standard interpretation is for a dominant presence of an as yet undetected dark matter component. If however, reality is closer to a MONDian theory at the extremely low accelerations relevant to such systems, σ will scale with stellar mass M 1/4 * . This yields an expression for the mass to light ratio which will be obtained under