The interaction between Plodia interpunctella Hbn., parasites and predators and Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. has been investigated. Experiments with the parasite Bracon brevicornis Wesm. previously fed during the larval instar on treated host larvae of P. interpunctella, showed significant reduction in the egg production. The egg incubation and larval duration of the parasite were not affected except at the highest concentration (500 μg). Percentage of formed cocoons was significantly reduced at all tested concentrations. The longevity of either sex, on the other hand, was also reduced. The percentage of hatching among the deposited eggs, significantly decreased with the increase of the concentration. Investigations with adult parasite fed on treated honey solution showed a significant reduction in the number of eggs deposited, hatching among the deposited eggs, percentage of formed cocoons, the percentage of adult emergence and the longevity of the female parasite, was also reduced with the increase of concentrations. With respect to the predator Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter), it was found that the number of consumed host larvae of P. interpunctella by nymphs of the predator decreased with the increase of the concentration of δ‐endotoxm present on the larval food. The nymphal duration was prolonged as the concentration increased from 32–500 μg/g of diet. On the other hand, the longevity of male predator was shortened while that of female was not affected. The consumption of prey larvae by one couple of the predator was reduced only at higher concentrations (250–500 μg). The egg production and hatchability of eggs were also reduced. Studies with the adult stage of the predator showed similar effects with respect to the longevity of the female adults. Also the average consumption of one couple was reduced and an obvious effect on egg production was detected but in varying degrees correlated with the concentration. The hatching of eggs increased as the concentration used decreased. Zusammenfassung Wirkung von Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. auf Parasiten und Predatoren von Plodia interpunctella Hbn. Es wurden die Beziehungen zwischen Plodia‐Parasiten und ‐Predatoren einerseits und Behandlungen der Plodia‐Larven mit Bacillus thuringiensis andererseits untersucht. Experimente mit der Schlupfwespe Bracon brevicornis Wesm., die als Larve in Plodia parasitierte, zeigten eine signifikante Verringerung der Eiprodukten. Die Ei‐ und Larvenentwicklung des Parasiten wurden nur durch Behandlung der Plodia‐Larven mit der höchsten B. thur.‐Konzentration (500 ug) beeinflußt. Die Kokonbildungs‐Quote wurde bei allen Konzentrationen signifikant verringert. Auch wurde die Lebensdauer beider Geschlechter gesenkt. Das Schlüpfprozent der abgelegten Eier wurde mit zunehmender B. thur.‐Konzentration reduziert. Untersuchungen an adulten Parasiten, die mit behandelter Honiglösung gefüttert waren, zeigten mit zunehmender Konzentration signifikante Verringerungen der Zahl abgelegter Eier, der Eischlüpfquote, der Kokonbildungsquote, der Ad...
Biochemical approaches have been used to enhance the potency of Bacillus thuringiensis against Plodia interpuneteUa. Tests were made with different classes of chemical compounds, characterizedby being safe, non-toxic to man, and cheap in price. Among the tested inorganic salts, calcium carbonate, calcium oxide and zinc sulphate were found to increase the potency of B. thuringiensis 5-endotoxin by 23-, 1.9-and 2.7-fold, respectively. With the nitrogenous compounds, the amlno acids serine, arginine, alanine and leucine enhanced theendotoxin effect by 5.2-,3.6-, 1.3and 1.1-fold, respectively. Also, among the protein solubilizing agents, EDTA and sodium thioglycollate led to a 100-and 2.6-fold increase in the potency. Formic acid was highly effective among the organic acids used in enhancing the potency, followed by malic acid, with 44$-and 2.4fold increase, respectively.Resume-Une approche bio-medical a e"te" utilise' pour ameliorer la puissance de Bacillus thuringiensis contre la mitte Indienne Plodia interpuneteUa. Des analyses ont iti faites avec des classes de composition chimique characterise" par leur aspect sain. Entre les sets analyses le carbonate de calcium et I'oxide de calcium et la sulphate de zinc ont augments la puissance de B. thuringiensis 5-endotoxin par 2,5,2,7 et 1,9, respectivement Avec les composition (azotique) les acide amino, la serine, I'arginine, I'alanine et le leucine ont ameliore I'effet par par 5,2,3,6,1,1 et 1,3 respectivement Aussi avec les agents de solubilisation de proteine, EDTA et le thioglycollate de sodium ont augments la puissance par 100-et 2,6 fois. L'acide fourmique a ete tres efficace parmi les acides organiques qui ont 6t6 utilise pour ameliorer la puissance suivi par I'acid malic par 4 3 et 2,4 fois, respectivement
The spore-endotoxin preparations of some 23 cultures of B. tburingiensis were screened with respect to their activities against the Indian meal moth Plodia intevpunctella and angoumois grain moth Sitotroga cerealella. The highest activity against both insects was recorded for the variety dendrolimus HD-34 and the factors of increase were 60 and 9, respectively, compared to that of the standard. The larvae of angoumois grain moth were highly susceptible to varieties kurstaki, tolworthi, galleriue, entomocidus and aizawui. Varieties kyushuensis and tbompsoni were potent against angoumois grain moth but, on the other hand, they showed little activity against the Indian meal moth. The extent of potency of the different varieties of B. t. depends upon the isolate itself rather than on the varieties of the serotype.
The effect of the pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis on the larval parasite Meteorus laeviventris, associated with Agrotis ypsilon, was studied. The biology of the parasite showed to be affected in some aspects when its host larvae were fed on a diet containing B. thuringiensis. A significant reduction in reproductive potential and longevity occurred together with retardation in development. The effect of the exotoxin (thuringiensin) on the parasite has been also demonstrated.
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