Context. The third Gaia data release (Gaia DR3) contains, beyond the astrometry and photometry, dispersed light for hundreds of millions of sources from the Gaia prism spectra (BP and RP) and the spectrograph (RVS). This data release opens a new window on the chemo-dynamical properties of stars in our Galaxy, essential knowledge for understanding the structure, formation, and evolution of the Milky Way. Aims. To provide insight into the physical properties of Milky Way stars, we used these data to produce a uniformly-derived, all-sky catalog of stellar astrophysical parameters (APs): atmospheric properties (T eff , log g, [M/H], [α/Fe], activity index, emission lines, rotation), 13 chemical abundance estimates, evolution characteristics (radius, age, mass, bolometric luminosity), distance, and dust extinction. Methods. We developed the astrophysical parameters inference system (Apsis) pipeline to infer APs of Gaia objects by analyzing their astrometry, photometry, BP/RP, and RVS spectra. We validate our results against other works in the literature, including benchmark stars, interferometry, and asteroseismology. Here we assessed the stellar analysis performance from Apsis statistically. Results. We describe the quantities we obtained, including the underlying assumptions and the limitations of our results. We provide guidance and identify regimes in which our parameters should and should not be used. Conclusions. Despite some limitations, this is the most extensive catalog of uniformly-inferred stellar parameters to date. These comprise T eff , log g, and [M/H] (470 million using BP/RP, 6 million using RVS), radius (470 million), mass (140 million), age (120 million), chemical abundances (5 million), diffuse interstellar band analysis (1/2 million), activity indices (2 million), Hα equivalent widths (200 million), and further classification of spectral types (220 million) and emission-line stars (50 thousand). More precise and detailed astrophysical parameters based on epoch BP, RP, and RVS spectrophotometry are planned for the next Gaia data release. Our catalog is available from the Gaia Archive and partner data centers.

Context. The Gaia Radial Velocity Spectrometer (RVS) provides the unique opportunity of a spectroscopic analysis of millions of stars at mediumresolution (λ/∆λ ∼11500) in the near-infrared (845 -872 nm). This wavelength range includes the Ca ii infrared triplet (IRT) at 850.03, 854.44, and 866.45 nm, which is a good diagnostics of magnetic activity in the chromosphere of late-type stars.Aims. Here we present the method devised for inferring the Gaia stellar activity index from the analysis of the Ca ii IRT in the RVS spectrum, together with its scientific validation. Methods. The Gaia stellar activity index is derived from the Ca ii IRT excess equivalent width with respect to a reference spectrum, taking the projected rotational velocity (v sin i) into account. Scientific validation of the Gaia stellar activity index is performed by deriving a R IRT index, largely independent of the photospheric parameters, and considering the correlation with the R HK index for a sample of stars. A sample of well studied PMS stars is considered to identify the regime in which the Gaia stellar activity index may be affected by mass accretion. The position of these stars in the colour-magnitude diagram and the correlation with the amplitude of the photometric rotational modulation is also scrutinised. Results. Gaia DR3 contains a stellar activity index derived from the Ca ii IRT for some 2 × 10 6 stars in the Galaxy. This represents a gold mine for studies on stellar magnetic activity and mass accretion in the solar vicinity. Three regimes of the chromospheric stellar activity are identified, confirming suggestions made by previous authors on much smaller R HK datasets. The highest stellar activity regime is associated with PMS stars and RS CVn systems, in which activity is enhanced by tidal interaction. Some evidence of a bimodal distribution in MS stars with T eff 5000 K is also found, which defines the two other regimes, without a clear gap in between. Stars with 3500 K T eff 5000 K are found to be either very active PMS stars or active MS stars with a unimodal distribution in chromospheric activity. A dramatic change in the activity distribution is found for T eff 3500 K, with a dominance of low activity stars close to the transition between partially-and fully-convective stars and a rise in activity down into the fully-convective regime.

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