No abstract

An outbreak of sinusitis due to cryptosporidial infection is described in 7-week-old turkeys. Infection of 3-week-old turkeys subsequently placed in the same environment is documented.

Laboratory and field evidence indicates that a safe and effective procedure has been developed for vaccinating turkey poults against hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys. Vaccination is by drinking-water administration of turkey-spleen-propagated pheasant-origin live avirulent virus to 4 1/2-week-old-poults. The effect of vaccination was studied in a field location having recurrent 10-15% mortality and in a second location having recurrent mortality of 0.1-0.2%. The poults involved totaled 214,554.

Avian urolithiasis syndrome was diagnosed in 14-to-25-week-old chickens from a multiple-age caged-layer complex housing more than 2.5 million chickens. Losses from this syndrome ranged from 0.5 to 1.0% per week. Seven-to-14-week-old pullets from this facility had multifocal renal tubular necrosis leading to interstitial fibrosis, tophus formation, and tubular dilation. A coronavirus was isolated in embryos inoculated with pooled samples of trachea, kidney, and cecal tonsil of 4-week-old pullets. This virus, identified as 85-209, was related to infectious bronchitis virus strain Florida 88 by hemagglutination-inhibition assay. Day-old specific-pathogen-free chicks were inoculated with fifth-embryo-passage amnioallantoic fluid containing this virus. These chicks developed histologic lesions of tracheitis at 5 to 7 days postinoculation. Half the chicks inoculated by eyedrop developed renal tubular necrosis after 7 days. Urolithiasis in the flock investigated was attributed to renal damage by this strain of infectious bronchitis virus occurring in 4-to-7-week-old pullets and progressing to segmental atrophy, hyperplasia, and ureteral stone formation in 14-to-25-week-old chickens.

Increasing the number of days, up to 14, that cows were administered Temik [2-methyl-2(methylthio-C14) propionaldehyde O-(methylcarbamoyl) oxime] at levels of 0.12, 0.6, and 1.2 p.p.m. in the diet did not alter the magnitude and nature of residues eliminated daily in the milk, urine, and feces. Parts per million total Temik equivalents in the milk were approximately '/ioo that level of insecticide in the feed. About 15 % of the radioactive residues in the milk was Temik sulfone and about 4% was Temik sulfoxide. The remaining was hydrolytic products and compounds of unknown identity. Percentages of the doses eliminated in the milk, urine, and feces were 1, 92, and 3, respectively. Total Temik equivalents in the liver were 29, 123, and 164 p.p.b. for the three treatment rates, respectively, when the animals were slaughtered 18 hours after the last treatment. Twenty-six other tissue samples contained either much lower quantities of residues or none at all. in earlier report showed that when Temik [2-methyl-2-J-\ (methylthio) propionaldehyde O-(methylcarbamoyl) -4oxime], also known as an aldicarb, was administered to a lactating cow as a single oral dose, approximately 85% of the dose was eliminated from the body within 24 hours (Dorough and Ivie, 1968). Temik equivalents in the milk were low, maximum of 62 p.p.b., and no Temik per se was detected. The nature of the metabolites was similar to that reported for other animals and for plants. The data indicated that the rapid excretion of Temik, primarily in the urine, by dairy animals would prevent the accumulation of residues in milk and tissues to appreciable levels. However, this could not be stated with certainty because continuous feeding of Temik could alter its metabolic fate, possibly resulting in higher residues and/or ones different chemically from those found after a single treatment.The need for long-term, continuous feeding studies stems largely from the behavior of the chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. Certain of these toxicants appear in milk even when very low levels are in the cow's feed. Furthermore, several weeks, and often several months, of feeding are necessary before the concentration of residues in the milk reaches a plateau. For example, heptachlor epoxide residues appeared to be still increasing at the end of a 35-day feeding period (Williams et al., 1964). With dieldrin, endrin, lindane, and DDT, the concentration of each residue in milk had reached a maximum at various times during the feeding period. The nature of these chemicals continues to influence the investigational format of other groups of pesticides, such as the carbamates, despite the fact that these newer products are different chemically, biologically, and metabolically. Obviously, a format based on the chlorinated hydrocarbons would not necessarily be appropriate for all other insecticides. In addition to establishing the fate of Temik in cows when administered over a long period of time and correlating dosage rates to residue levels in meat and milk, the present investigati...