The outstanding performance of conventional thermosets arising from their covalently cross-linked networks directly results in a limited recyclability. The available commercial or close-to-commercial techniques facing this challenge can be divided into mechanical, thermal, and chemical processing. However, these methods typically require a high energy input and do not take the recycling of the thermoset matrix itself into account. Rather, they focus on retrieving the more valuable fibers, fillers, or substrates. To increase the circularity of thermoset products, many academic studies report potential solutions which require a reduced energy input by using degradable linkages or dynamic covalent bonds. However, the majority of these studies have limited potential for industrial implementation. This review aims to bridge the gap between the industrial and academic developments by focusing on those which are most relevant from a technological, sustainable and economic point of view. An overview is given of currently used approaches for the recycling of thermoset materials, the development of novel inherently recyclable thermosets and examples of possible applications that could reach the market in the near future.
Thermolysis of bis(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)-stabilized
titanium(III) compounds (C5HMe4)2TiR (R = Me (2), Ph
(3)) yields, in marked contrast with the
bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) analog, the dimeric product
[(C5HMe4)(μ-η1:η5-C5Me4)Ti]2
(4), with a bridging
metalated tetramethylcyclopentadienyl ligand. The hydride
(C5HMe4)2TiH
(5), synthesized
by hydrogenolysis of 2 or 3, reacts with
N2 to form the dinuclear Ti(II) dinitrogen
compound
[(C5HMe4)2Ti]2N2
(8). Under a dynamic vacuum, the dinitrogen complex
8 loses the N2 ligand
to give the titanocene
(C5HMe4)2Ti
(10). The molecular structures of both 4 and
8 were
determined by X-ray diffraction methods.
A two‐step concept for the production of linear alpha olefins from biomass is reported. As a starting material an internally unsaturated C17 alkene was used, which was obtained by the decarboxylation of oleic acid. Here, we report on the ethenolysis of this bio‐based product, using commercially available metathesis catalysts. The desired alpha olefin products, 1‐nonene and 1‐decene, were obtained in excellent yield (96%) and selectivity (96%).Practical applications: The two‐step conversion described in this contribution, starting from unsaturated fatty acids, provides a method for the production of industrially important linear alpha olefins. These valuable products are widely used as starting materials for the production of surfactants and polymers such as linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE).
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