A B S T R A C TIn Western societies, mothering and fathering are generally conceptualized as distinct social roles, marriage being considered as the institution which provides the best framework for child-rearing (nuclear family model). Yet it is important that health-care practitioners recognize that children can be successfully raised in very diverse types of family organizations, including extended female-headed families. Although at first sight this type of family structure appears to be lacking in male models and therefore seems to be defective, we stress the following points, using three case illustrations from French Caribbean families: (i) Functional extended matrifocal Caribbean families can resourcefully respond to the child's fundamental socialization needs, and the paternal role is often adequately fulfilled in a variety of ways (by fathers as well as other persons) in these families; and (ii) when Caribbean families' ability to 'father' the child is disrupted (through social isolation, migration or specific psychological/developmental problems), mental health professionals working with these families should base their interventions on treatment models that promote the (re)construction of a functional extended family network and apply more flexible concepts of 'fatherhood' than those dictated by the nuclear family model.
K E Y W O R D S Caribbean, cultural map, fatherhood, history of slavery, matrifocal families, multisystemic interventionsI N W E S T E R N S O C I E T I E S , mothering and fathering are generally conceptualized as distinct social roles, marriage being considered as the institution which provides the best framework for responsible fathering and positive child adjustment. One of the essential features of Caribbean families is the dominant position of women, which may give the impression that men and fathers are marginally present or completely absent from the
Même s’il en est en quelque sorte le prolongement dans le monde aérien, l’attachement entre un bébé et sa mère n’est pas, comme auparavant le cordon ombilical, un lien monolithique. Pourtant, sauf accident, l’attachement s’installe bien pendant la période néonatale dans un lien vital mère-enfant quasi exclusif, lien reposant, entre autres, sur un substrat biologique hormonal clairement identifié. Cependant cela n’a qu’un temps et pour le bon développement de l’enfant ainsi que pour la vie de la mère il est nécessaire que ce lien se diversifie et se partage ensuite avec d’autres personnes au sein d’un groupe social, tout d’abord une famille ou son extension. C’est ce que nous appelons la diversification de l’attachement. Mais la manière et le tempo de cette diversification divergent selon les cultures et les organisations familiales, chacune pouvant satisfaire à sa manière le besoin d’attachement lorsque son fonctionnement n’est pas altéré. C’est ce que nous appelons la diversité de l’attachement. À partir de vignettes cliniques relatant des « ratés » du processus d’attachement ou de sa diversification nous montrons comment la connaissance et la prise en compte par les thérapeutes de la diversité des modèles d’organisation familiale sont utiles aux tentatives de réparation, voire de création d’un lien d’attachement lorsque celui-ci ne s’est pas construit de manière adéquate ou a disparu.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.