Asthma is a syndrome characterized by airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and airway obstruction. The diagnosis asthma comprises a very heterogeneous patient population. In recent years different strategies have been developed to classify the patients into different phenotypes. The phenotypes can be based on clinical findings, etiology and triggers or be defined by the type of airway inflammation. These classifications are still very crude and confusing and often a clear-cut differentiation between different described phenotypes is not possible. Still some phenotypes depend on different pathophysiological mechanisms and can differ profoundly in their clinical course. Also for some of these phenotypes specifical treatpeuthic options are available. Therefore a good definition and classification of asthma phenotypes is important in regard of diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of these patients.
Die spezifische Immuntherapie (SIT) ist prinzipiell eine faszinierende Perspektive in der Therapie allergischer Erkrankungen, birgt dieses Verfahren doch das Potenzial zur Primär-und Sekundärprävention in sich und kommt so dem Ideal einer Vorbeugung bzw. Heilung dieser Volksseuche nahe. Bergmann wirft aktuell wieder die Frage nach dem Stellenwert der SIT im Rahmen der Therapie des allergischen Asthma bronchiale auf [1]. Darf die Indikation zur SIT bei Insektengiftallergie und allergischer Rhinokonjunktivitis als etabliert gelten, so ist die weiterhin offene Debatte über das Für und Wider der SIT in der Indikation allergisches Asthma nicht ohne Tradition in der Pneumologie [2 ± 7].In Zeiten evidenzbasierter Medizin muss sich die SIT wie jedes Therapieverfahren an der in kontrollierten klinischen Studien dokumentierten Effektivität messen lassen. Werden die klassischen Erfolgsparameter der Asthmatherapie an die SIT angelegt, so zeigt sich ein Effekt auf Symptome, Medikamentenverbrauch und die unspezifische und allergenspezifische Hyperreagibilität. Parameter der Lungenfunktion, insbesondere Peak flow oder Sekundenkapazität, werden kaum beeinflusst [8]. Dies bedeutet zwangsläufig, dass die SIT bei der überwiegenden Zahl der Patienten mit bereits bestehendem allergischen Asthma die medikamentöse Therapie möglicherweise ergänzen, jedoch nicht ersetzen kann. Bergmann weist zu Recht auf diesen Aspekt hin. Dies gilt umso mehr, als der tatsächliche Nutzen der SIT bei bestehendem Asthma schlecht einzuschätzen ist [8], da bislang aussagekräftige Studien weder zur SIT in der adjuvanten Asthmatherapie noch zum Ausmaû eines eventuellen kortikoidsparenden Effekts der SIT bei allergischem Asthma vorliegen. Ein direkter Vergleich der SIT mit effektiven Asthmatherapeutika ist angesichts der zu erwartenden erheblichen Wirksamkeitsunterschiede ethisch ohnehin nicht zu rechtfertigen.
Airway inflammation plays a major role in the pathology of both asthma and COPD and is the target of corticosteroid treatment. In daily routine practise, however, airway inflammation is still not often considered by pneumologists to support the diagnostic process or to aid in disease management, despite studies showing that patients could benefit. Eosinophilic airway inflammation is of special interest, as it is not restricted to allergen-induced airway diseases, and because it generally responds well to anti-inflammatory treatment with corticosteroids. Therefore, the early detection of this kind of underlying inflammatory process can have a positive impact on finding a diagnosis as well as for disease management. The non-invasive detection of eosinophilic airway inflammation using induced sputum is too time consuming and therefore too expensive in outpatient settings. As sputum eosinophils correlate with the concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), its measurement could serve as a more economic alternative, especially as new small handheld analysers are available now, that allow the rapid FeNO analysis, even in children. This review will cover some basics and technical aspects of FeNO measurements, which should be known to correctly interprete results in clinical practise. In the second part, the clinical value and the limits of FeNO measurements, as well as the potential interpretation of results are discussed based on recently published literature.
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