The inhibiting effect of pyridine and seven of its methyl derivatives on the corrosion of iron in O2-free, 6.08N HC1 at 35~ was determined. Corrosion rates were measured by colorimetric analysis for iron with mercaptoacetic acid. The relative inhibitor efficiency and cathodic potential shift increased with increasing inhibitor concentration and, for a given concentration, with increasing electron density at the nitrogen atom. Both increased slightly with decreasing HC1 concentration, but a temperature increase of 10~ had no effect on either. The proposition that chemisorption is involved in Corrosion inhibition is supported by these experiments. As a supplementary item the great importance of careful purification of the organic compounds used in such researches as this is documented.) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 128.114.34.22 Downloaded on 2014-12-01 to IP

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Summary U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 11 granted the first offshore drilling National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits to the Mid-Atlantic operators in 1978. The generic or standard mud concept was developed by the Offshore Operators Committee with EPA Region 11 to provide the agency with an understanding of and control over mud components and discharges without requiring the operators to perform redundant bioassay and chemical tests every time mud was discharged. The generic mud concept subsequently has been incorporated into permits issued by EPA Regions I, III, IV, VI, IX, and X. Eight basic mud types were defined that encompassed virtually all water-based muds used on the outer continental shelf (OCS). A bioassay test procedure, adapted from the EPA/U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' procedure for dredged material, was developed, and a test program was conducted on field mud samples representing each of the eight basic types. Operators were allowed to discharge muds of the eight types without conducting additional bioassays. Results of the test program indicate that all eight generic muds demonstrated low toxicity. The eight generic muds contain primarily major components and do not include specially chemicals sometimes required to remedy special drilling problems (e.g., lost-returns material, lubricants, and defoamers). This situation is being handled by using an "approved additive list" that names additives that do not affect mud toxicity significantly. The API is developing a standard bioassay procedure based on the Region II protocol for testing specialty chemicals in standard muds, and service companies already are using parts of this procedure to gain approval for use of their products. Introduction In 1978, EPA Region II granted the first offshore drilling NPDES permits to operators drilling on leases in the Baltimore Canyon. As a permit condition, the operators were required to perform a jointly funded drilling-mud bioassay program. Before initiating the test program, the Offshore Operator Committee Task Force on Environmental Science, with EPA Region II, developed an acceptable drilling-mud bioassay procedure and a spectrum of eight general mud types that included essentially all water-based compositions. Previously, the agency had not recognized differences in water-based mud systems and had classified all muds in only two categories, oil- or water-based. The generic mud concept and the EPA Region II bioassay procedure evolved from this effort. The approach has proved to be practical, and the generic mud concept, supported by the Region II bioassay results, subsequently has been incorporated into permits issued by EPA Regions I, III, IV, VI, IX, and X. Generic Mud Concept The generic muds were identified by reviewing the permit requests and selecting the minimum number of mud permit requests and selecting the minimum number of mud systems that would cover all those named by the prospective permittees. Eight different mud systems were prospective permittees. Eight different mud systems were identified that encompass virtually all water-based muds used on the OCS (Table 1). Instead of naming a set concentration for each component in each mud system, concentration ranges were specified to allow the operators sufficient flexibility to drill safely. In the eight generic mud systems, only major components are specified. Specially additives (e.g., lost circulation materials and lubricity agents) needed for special drilling situations are not named. If an unanticipated need for a specially additive arises, the operator is required to submit data on the additive's chemical composition, usage rates, and toxicity to the EPA before its use. On the basis of this information, the EPA regional administrator approves or disapproves discharge of mud containing the additive on a case-by-case basis. If there is a continuing need for the additive, the operator then can submit bioassay data on mud containing the additive. Discharge would be allowed if the additive does not greatly increase mud toxicity. Once an additive becomes "approved" in this way, future discharge of muds containing the additive is allowed without conducting additional bioassays. Note that any of the generic muds may contain one or more specially additives; however, the presence of an approved specially additive in a generic mud does not change the generic mud type.

This paper describes a field study demonstrating the ability of the Offshore Operators Committee (OOC) Mud and Produced Water Discharge Model to predict the dilution of offshore produced water discharges. The test involved: adding a fluorescent tracer to the produced water discharged from an offshore Gulf of Mexico platform; making measurements of the current and hydrographic conditions near the outfall; collecting water column samples with diver-held sample bottles (0-25 m from source) and through an array of sampling hoses (3 - 103 m from source; 103 m = 628 discharge pipe diameters); and comparing measured tracer concentrations with model predictions. Model predictions were in excellent agreement (R2 = 84%) with concentrations of samples collected by divers up to 25 m from the discharge point. Concentrations of samples collected through sampling hoses were highly variable, but model predictions for distances 58-103 m from the source agreed with average field measurements within a factor of two. These results demonstrate that the OOC Model can predict the dilution of produced water discharges and provide a documented set of field data useful for checking the performance of other dispersion models. The observed produced water discharges were rapidly diluted: a 6000 bbl/d discharge was diluted by a factor of 100 within 10 m and by a factor of 1000 within 103 m. Rapid dilution limits the potential for adverse environmental effects in the water column. Comparisons with previously published values of the 7-day "No Observable Effect Concentration" (NOEC) for Gulf of Mexico produced waters showed that the discharges sampled in this study were diluted below the average 7-day NOEC within 10 m of the source and in less than 2 minutes after leaving the pipe.

Minton, R.C. * BP Exploration Operating Co. Ltd. McKelvie, D.S. METOCEAN plc Caudle, D.D. * Conoco Inc. Ayers Jr., R.C. * Robert Ayers and Assocs. Inc. Smith, J.P. * Exxon Production Research Co. Cline, J.T. * Amoco Production Co. Duff, Angus Chevron UK Ltd. Blanchard, J.R. Enterprise Oil plc Read, A.D. E and P Forum Abstract This paper reports the key findings of a multidisciplinary study established by the E and P Forum to examine the environmental effects of drill Cuttings with different oil concentrations resulting from treatment with solvent extraction and thermal processes. The study examined the physical characteristics of the cuttings, deposition on the seabed and the impacts on the seabed fauna and on fish. Concentration of oil on cuttings ranged from 15.8% for unprocessed cuttings to less than 1% for thermally treated cuttings. The removal of oil resulted in dry, dispersive cuttings which would be deposits in lesser amounts over a greater area compared to unprocessed Cuttings. Environmental effects were greatest for untreated cuttings. Solvent extracted cuttings showed some effect but there was evidence of recovery of the benthic Fauna within the timescales of the study (8 months). For most of the experiments, there was little difference between the thermally treated cuttings and the controls. There was evidence of a threshold for effects at a concentration of oil in sediment of approximately 1000 ppm. Model predictions of cuttings deposition showed that the area of scabed affected by oil concentrations in sediment greater than 1000 ppm was small for both solvent extracted and thermally treated Cuttings. Both solvent extracted and thermal processing of oily Cuttings, and the subsequent discharge of the treated cuttings, appears to result in negligible or short term environmental effects. Introduction Mineral oil based muds have been used extensively throughout the North Sea Operating Area particularly when drilling highly deviated wells and water sensitive formations. Continued use of these fluids is important for the economic development of North Sea fields [1], particularly as smaller fields arc developed. However, when discharged, the drill cuttings are coated with a layer of the mineral oil based mud. These cuttings can accumulate around the platform and thereby Reflect the natural species diversity in the sediments [2]. Efforts arc therefore being made to decrease the amount of oil that remains on the discharged cuttings, minimising the environmental impact. Several alternative cleaning technologies are being evaluated in terms of their efficiency and offshore applicability [3] and it is important to establish, it in early stage the resulting environmental benefits of these, approaches. Little information is available on the possible environmental effects of treated cuttings, although data are available on the effects of uncontaminated and untreated cuttings. Without such information it is impossible to set meaningful levels as to the amount of oil remaining on discharged cuttings such that the effects ire environmentally acceptable. A research programme was established by the Oil Industry International Exploration and Production Forum (E and P Forum) North Set Work Group to provide comparative methods of measurement of the environmental effects of drill cuttings with different oil concentrations. This paper reports the key findings of that programme. The complete results of the study will be published in detail at a later date. P. 113^