No abstract

O sistema de plantio direto atingiu, no Estado do Paraná, cerca de dois milhões de hectares, nos últimos anos, e um dos seus principais entraves é a falta de semeadoras-adubadoras apropriadas para operação em solos argilosos e de origem basáltica. Portanto, estudou-se a MAGNUM 2850 PD quanto à demanda energética e desempenho operacional, com a finalidade de oferecer subsídios ao seu aperfeiçoamento, de acordo com a realidade paranaense. Observou-se que o esforço de tração variou em função da umidade e características mecânicas do solo, atingiu valores elevados, e exigiu, em situações extremas, potência de até 79,5 kW do trator. Os componentes de ataque ao solo mostraram um bom desempenho no corte da vegetação e na uniformidade da profundidade de trabalho, porém apresentaram grande área mobilizada no sulco. Obteve-se boa qualidade de semeadura, avaliada pela porcentagem e velocidade de emergência das sementes no campo. Foram identificados erros de dosagem do fertilizante e deposição das sementes, e principalmente na velocidade de deslocamento de 8,0 km/h; porém, foi boa a uniformidade transversal das sementes e plantas no campo.

This chapter describes the history and current status of no-tillage and conservation agriculture (CA) in Brazil. The main components of the no-till system are discussed, which include the cover-crop species, crop rotation and their role on weed management. The influence of cover crops, tillage and residue management on soil chemical and physical properties as well as crop yield is also described. Strategies for dissemination of no-till among farmers in Brazil are presented. Future prospects are mentioned.

Fatores que Afetam as Perdas de Graos.Fatores quo Afetam os Danos nos Grios. 4. Requerimento de A o t ñ c i ae F o r ã s Envolvidas no processo de Trilha.Fon;as lnternas Existentes en' uma Espiwt de ifrLlho. MATERIAL E MtTODOS.4 .1.

Crops close to small water bodies may exhibit changes in yield if the water mass causes significant changes in the microclimate of areas near the reservoir shoreline. The scientific literature describes this effect as occurring gradually, with higher intensity in the sites near the shoreline and decreasing intensity with distance from the reservoir. Experiments with two soybean cultivars were conducted during four crop seasons to evaluate soybean yield in relation to distance from the Itaipu reservoir and determine the effect of air temperature and water availability on soybean crop yield. Fifteen experimental sites were distributed in three transects perpendicular to the Itaipu reservoir, covering an area at approximately 10 km from the shoreline. The yield gradient between the site closest to the reservoir and the sites farther away in each transect did not show a consistent trend, but varied as a function of distance, crop season, and cultivar. This finding indicates that the Itaipu reservoir does not affect the yield of soybean plants grown within approximately 10 km from the shoreline. In addition, the variation in yield among the experimental sites was not attributed to thermal conditions because the temperature was similar within transects. However, the crop water availability was responsible for higher differences in yield among the neighboring experimental sites related to water stress caused by spatial variability in rainfall, especially during the soybean reproductive period in January and February.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00484-015-1093-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.