Alternaria solani causes diseases on foliage (early blight), basal stems of seedlings (collar rot), stems of adult plants (stem lesions), and fruits (fruit rot) of tomato. Early blight is the most destructive of these diseases and hence receives considerable attention in breeding. For over 60 years, breeding for early blight resistance has been practiced, but the development of cultivars with high levels of resistance has been hampered by the lack of sources of strong resistance in the cultivated tomato and by the quantitative expression and polygenic inheritance of the resistance. In some accessions of wild species, high levels of early blight resistance have been found, but breeding lines still have unfavorable horticultural traits from the donor parent. Recently, the first linkage maps with loci controlling early blight resistance have been developed based on interspecific crosses. These maps may facilitate markerassisted selection. This overview presents the current knowledge about the A. solani-tomato complex with respect to its biology, genetics, and breeding.

A droplet inoculation method was used for evaluation of tomato resistance to early blight, a destructive foliar disease of tomato caused by Alternaria solani (Ellis and Martin) Sorauer. In this test method, leafl ets are inoculated with small droplets of a spore suspension in either water or a 0.1% agar solution. Early blight resistance was evaluated based on lesion size. The droplet method better discriminated the level of resistance (P < 0.001) for a range of spore densities in comparison with the more commonly used spray inoculation method. Lesions generated by droplet inoculation at 7 days after inoculation ranged from small fl ecks to almost complete blight with an exponential-like distribution of lesion sizes. Signifi cant correlations (r = 0.52, 0.58, and 0.63, P < 0.001) were observed across three glasshouse tests of 54 accessions including wild species using the droplet method. The most resistant accessions included wild species: one accession of Solanum arcanum, three accessions of Solanum peruvianum, one accession of Solanum neorickii, and one of Solanum chilense. Solanum pennellii and Solanum pimpinellifolium accessions were susceptible, whereas Solanum habrochaites and Solanum lycopersicum accessions ranged from susceptible to moderately resistant. The droplet test method is simple to apply, offers a fi ne discrimination of early blight resistance levels, and allows objective evaluation.

Alternaria solani (Ellis and Martin) Sorauer, the causal agent of early blight (EB) disease, infects aerial parts of tomato at both seedling and adult plant stages. Resistant cultivars would facilitate a sustainable EB management. EB resistance is a quantitatively expressed character, a fact that has hampered effective breeding. In order to identify and estimate the effect of genes conditioning resistance to EB, a quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping study was performed in F2 and F3 populations derived from the cross between the susceptible Solanum lycopersicum (syn. Lycopersicon esculentum) cv. 'Solentos' and the resistant Solanum arcanum (syn. Lycopersicon peruvianum) LA2157 and genotyped with AFLP, microsatellite and SNP markers. Two evaluation criteria of resistance were used: measurements of EB lesion growth on the F2 plants in glasshouse tests and visual ratings of EB severity on foliage of the F3 lines in a field test. A total of six QTL regions were mapped on chromosomes 1, 2, 5-7, and 9 with LOD scores ranging from 3.4 to 17.5. Three EB QTL also confer resistance to stem lesions in the field, which has not been reported before. All QTL displayed significant additive gene action; in some cases a dominance effect was found. Additive · additive epistatic interactions were detected between one pair of QTL. For two QTL, the susceptible parent contributed resistance alleles to both EB and stem lesion resistance. Three of the QTL showed an effect in all tests despite methodological and environmental differences.

Pasien yang menjalani HD jangka panjang seringkali memiliki masalah kesehatan fisik maupun psikologis. Masalah tersebut dapat diminimalisir apabila individu tersebut memiliki efikasi diri (Self Efficacy) yang tinggi. Tujuan Penelitian diketahuinya pengaruh Intervensi Efikasi Diri terhadap kondisi fisik dan psikologis Pasien Hemodialisa di RSUD Pasar Rebo Jakarta, Jenis penelitian quasi experiment dengan rancangan pre-dan post test, sampel penelitian 30 pasien hemodialisa, , tekhnik pengambilan sampel purposive sampling , data menggunakan kuesioner dan uji statistik uji T. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya peningkatan hasil pengukuran pada kondisi psikologis, motivasi serta dukungan keluarga sebelum intervensi dan setelah intervensi dengan rata rata nilai sebelum 14,400, 4800, 4,667 meningkat setelah intervensi menjadi 14.766, 4967 4967 dengan selisih peningkatan point masing masing sebesar 0,366, 0,167, nilai palue p = 0,0062 , 0,05 dan 0,017Kesimpulan Penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya Pengaruh intervensi Efikasi diri pasien hemodialisa. Rekomendasi : penelitian ini agar dilanjutkan dengan instrument yang lebih spesifik.