The mouse sperm nucleus, after the removal of protamines and DNA, consisted of a skeletal structure that conformed to the original nuclear shape. Sperm were extracted with 1% SDS, and the isolated nuclei, along with the enveloping perinuclear theca, were incubated in 25 mM dithiothreitol, and exposed to different reagents in an effort to displace the protamines, P1 and P2. Protamines, labeled with [3H]arginine, were displaced from the nucleus by CaCl2.MgCl2, but only partially by anionic detergents, monovalent cations, and polyvalent anions. Displacement of P1 and P2 was achieved by digesting the nuclei with DNase I and simultaneously extracting with CaCl2.MgCl2 (3:2; mol:mol) in stepwise increments of 125, 150, 175, 200, and 250 mM. Protamine displacement was concentration-dependent, occurring with an EC50 of approximately 205 mM and with maximal displacement at approximately 250 mM CaCl2.MgCl2. The nucleus was reduced to a skeletal structure consisting of the perinuclear theca and an internal network of transverse fibers. The evidence was consistent with the former being derived from the perforatorium and postacrosomal nuclear sheath (both cytoplasmic structures), whereas the fibers were most likely of nuclear origin. By SDS-PAGE and isoelectric focusing (IEF), perinuclear matrices consisted of greater than or equal to 230 protein spots, with M(r)s in the range of 70,000 to 8000 and pIs of greater than or equal to 7.5 to approximately 4.7, respectively. Monoclonal antibodies prepared against perinuclear matrices bound to specific proteins on IEF immunoblots and, based on light and electron microscopic observations, to discrete domains of the sperm perinuclear theca and nucleus.

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In the present work, oil in water (o/w) cream based drug formulations were designed and prepared for the treatment of psoriasis affecting 1% to 2% of people in general. In the study, fluocinolone acetonide is chosen as the drug which is an effective topical corticosteroid. These formulations were subjected to various physiochemical parameters like spreadability, tube extrudability, pH, drug content, viscosity, infra-red (IR) studies and In vitro drug release studies. Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) study revealed no interaction between the drug and exciepients. Totally nine formulations were prepared. Among the nine formulations, F8 was selected as the best formulation which is produced in three batches with process variables. The pH of all batches ranges from 6.5 to 6.7, drug content from 96% to 99%, spreadability and tube extrudability ranges from 17.02 gm.cm/sec to 17.84 gm.cm/sec and 98.10% to 98.71% respectively. The formulation F8 batch-II showed maximum drug release 97.42% when compared to other batches. Stability studies of selected formulations were also done at temperatures of 40 ºC/ 75 RH and 25 ºC/60 RH for the period of three months and results showed no significant changes in physico-chemical parameters. In vivo studies on wistar rats was performed and the result showed that the formulations are devoid of any primary skin irritation. Present study revealed that fluocinolone acetonide o/w cream formulation should be useful for treatment of psoriasis.