This paper addresses the office layout problem where existing offices vary considerably as to relevant criteria and yet permanent walls make it impractical to remodel existing spaces. The major objective of this study was the equitable reassignment of 144 offices to 289 faculty and staff members in 6 academic departments with the College of Administrative Science at The Ohio State University. Since the building contains 5 floors and a wide diversity of office quality, six conflicting objectives have been recognized. In order to adequate address these multiple objectives, a large mixed-integer goal programming model was formulated. A companion interactive computer program was also developed to evaluate the performance of each solution with respect to these objectives. The goal programming model served to evaluate several layout strategies and identify the tradeoffs implicit in the problem. The interactive computer program helped translate these insights into a final compromise solution. There are two interesting findings of the study. The first one is desirability of allowing the decision makers to be in command of the solution process. This may be particularly important when several decision makers must compete for the same resources. Another finding is that a linear programming code is sufficient for this particular formulation of a mixed-integer model. Although the model contains over 1,700 integer variables, a very few non-integer values were generated. This avoided the computational burden of a mixed-integer code. The model presented here has its generic roots in the so-called "assignment problems," with the added feature of recognizing multiple objectives. It is felt that with the proper modifications, the ideas presented here may well be extended to location-distribution and other types of assignment problems. These models have been applied to the layout of the College, with the final implementation having occurred during the Summer Quarter, 1978.education systems: planning, facilities/equipment planning: layout, programming: multiple criteria

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Experiments with small mobile homes in Pennsylvania indicated that shade of trees can significantly reduce solar heating and that by lowering wind speeds forests can lessen infiltration of outside air. In one deciduous stand in summer, cooling energy needs were 75 percent less than in the open. In winter shading is counterproductive, offsetting savings from reduced infiltration of cold air. In the deciduous stand, savings in winter heating energy were only 8 percent, and with greater shading in a dense pine forest heating energy needs rose 12 percent. Forests and windbreaks are especially effective with poorly sealed houses and in windy weather. On forested sites in most of the United States, energy use can probably be lessened by manipulating forest growth to allow the sun to strike the house in winter. On open sites windbreaks and carefully located shade trees would lessen year-round energy use.

The CodeII sandstone in the Denver-Julesburg Basin is a low permeability, clay-rich sandstone. It is bounded by the Ft. Hays limestone member of the Niobrara formation above and shales of the Carlile formation below. The Codell requires stimulation by hydraulic fracturing in order to produce at economic rates; however, some stimulation procedures are not effective.