The Landauer principle sets a fundamental thermodynamic constraint on the minimum amount of heat that must be dissipated to erase one logical bit of information through a quasi-statically slow protocol. For finite time information erasure, the thermodynamic costs depend on the specific physical realization of the logical memory and how the information is erased. Here we treat the problem within the paradigm of a Brownian particle in a symmetric double-well potential. The two minima represent the two values of a logical bit, 0 and 1, and the particle's position is the current state of the memory. The erasure protocol is realized by applying an external time-dependent tilting force. Combining probabilistic survival analysis with instanton calculus, we derive analytical tools to evaluate the work required to erase a classical bit of information in finite time via an arbitrary continuous erasure protocol, which is a relevant setting for practical applications. Importantly, our method is not restricted to the average work, but instead gives access to the full work distribution arising from many independent realizations of the erasure process. Using the common example of an erasure protocol that changes linearly with time, we explicitly calculate all relevant quantities and verify them numerically.