Functional connection between the stomatognathic system and the acoustic-vestibular apparatus is mentioned from ancient times, being at the same time approached with interest in topical studies, in an attempt to elucidate in depth the cause-effect relationship between pathology and symptom.The theoretical and practical knowledge of anatomy accumulated over the years represent an indisputable proof of the connection that exists between the two entities, but there is a continuing debate nowadays about the extent to which the pathology of the temporomandibular joint can generate otological symptoms and especially the limits within which the treatment for this disorder can influence the diminution of the manifestations of the acoustic-vestibular system.Although symptoms such as otalgia, tinnitus, vertigo are commonly found in the ear pathology, ENT specialists are constantly confronted with situations where these phenomena are the clinical expression of certain disorders that go beyond the acoustic-vestibular analyzer. As the components of the dento-maxillary apparatus are, in many situations, cited as a source of the same symptomatology, the interdisciplinary collaboration between the ENT specialist and the dentist is essential in shaping a correct diagnosis and, implicitly, in focusing on an ideal treatment plan. ABSTRACT BACKGROUND.Functional connection between the stomatognathic system and the acoustic-vestibular apparatus is ap-

Dysphagia is a common disorder associated with a large number of etiologies like aging, stroke, traumatic brain injury, head and neck cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, structural changes or congenital abnormalities. The type of the treatment and its results depend on the type, severity and the cause of dysphagia. The primary goal of dysphagia treatment is to improve the swallowing process and decrease the risk of aspiration. Along with the existing rehabilitation swallowing treatments, new adjunctive therapy options developed, one of them being the neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). The authors present the principles of NMES, a small literature review about the results of this therapy and their experience in using transcutaneous NMES in dysphagia patients.

The term monosymptomatic nasal obstruction does not refer to the isolated nasal obstruction, but to a nasal pathology in which nasal obstruction is the predominant symptom. Four nasal structures may be involved in the isolated monosymptomatic nasal obstruction: the inferior nasal turbinates, the nasal septum or the nasal valve. Since the phenomenon of nasal obstruction can be due to various diseases, correct assessment of the patient is very important. Correctly performed anamnesis and clinical and paraclinical evaluations can help determine the definite diagnosis and choose the therapeutic strategy indicated in each individual case. In this review the authors present the proper therapeutic approach for each type of monosymtpomatic nasal obstruction, emphasizing the need of a preoperatory detailed and correct investigation and diagnosis.

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