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The ionization trace rises sharply in less than 20 nsec, then decays in several hundred nanoseconds.The minima in the breakdown curves are predicted by the familiar theory of electron impact ionization. The change in energy of the electrons is given by de/dt =e 2 EQ 2 v m /2m x (v m 2 + u) 2 ), where E 0 and oo are the amplitude and frequency of the light wave, v m is the electron momentum-transfer collision frequency with neutrals, and e and m are the charge and mass of the electron. This energy change has a maximum when v m =a>. The collision frequency v m is related to pressure p (mm Hg) by v =p p v = ($Axl0 7 )P u 1/2 p,(1) m 0 c c where p 0 = (213/T)p is the reduced pressure, P c is the collision probability, v is the velocity, and U is the mean energy in electron volts. The approximate range of energy U is from the thermal energy, 0.04 eV, to the ionization potential, 24.5 eV for He, 15.7 eV for Ar, and 15.5 eV for N 2 . Data are readily available from the literature giving P c in terms of U 1/2 for most gases. For He the product U in P c changes very little for U between 4 and 25 eV. Using a value in this range and setting v m = a> = 2.72 x 10 15 sec" 1 in Eq. (1) gives p = 21 400 psi for the pressure at which the minimum in the breakdown curve should occur. The same procedure for Ar predicts the minimum to be at p = 3300 psi. These results are in agreement with the experimental data presented, being quite close for Ar and within a factor of 2 for He. In N 2The frequency dependence of the threshold intensities for the breakdown of gases by optical maser radiation has been of interest in attempting to determine the fundamental energy coupling mechanisms responsible for the breakdown phenomenon. Investigations by the authors 1 using 1.06/i radiation from a Nd-inglass and 0.69/i radiation from a ruby optical maser led to the conclusion that the threshold intensity for breakdown increases with decreas-interpretation of the results must take into account the low-level inelastic collisional processes prevailing as well as the elastic.It should be noted that the curve of P c vs U in for He has a very broad maximum. The minimum in the curve of threshold E versus pressure is correspondingly broad. For Ar and N 2 the P c maxima are much sharper, and correspondingly so are the threshold minima.In conclusion, minimum breakdown fields have been observed for laser-induced discharges. These minima are characteristic of electronimpact ionization where electron heating occurs through energy transfer from the light wave to the electrons undergoing collisions with neutrals. The presence, pressure, and sharpness of these minima are predicted by a simple electron-impact ionization theory, and these predictions agree with the experimental data presented here. ].ing wavelength. A similar observation was made by Haught, Meyerand, and Smith in He, Ar, and air 2 at the same maser frequencies, and by Akhmanov et al. 3 using the Nd radiation and its second harmonic in air. We have made further studies of breakdown thresholds in resea...

superleaks are in equilibrium if they have the same generalized Gibbs potential.From Eq. (4), for differential changes in T, 0, and E, we obtainIn equilibrium, a difference in electric field between the two chambers results in temperature and pressure differences or a pressure or temperature difference. Superfluid helium will flow from one container to the other until Eq. (10) in integrated form is fulfilled.To investigate feasibility of experimental tests of (10), let us assume both containers are kept at constant pressure. Then, for a liquid, p r = {V\/4M)E, where x is the electric susceptibility; hence (10) becomeswhere y = 1/p. Integrating, assuming that temperature change &T = T B -T£ is small, we fi-nally obtain AT = (T B -T A ) =-(x/Z*ps)(E B 2 -E A 2 h (12)At T = 1°K and E B = 10 5 V/cm, E A = 0, Eq. (12) yields a AT»-0.01°K. As dielectric breakdown occurs in liquid helium for fields of 10 6 V/cm 4 , it seems possible to experimentally verify "thermomechanoelectrical ,, effects for superfluid helium.

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This paper treats the expansion of a gas breakdown plasma produced in argon by the focused radiation from a high-voltage transient-pumped CO2 laser. With the long pulses attainable from such pulsed CO2 lasers, a transition is observed in the mechanism of expansion from a radiation-driven detonation to a thermal expansion. The implications of this observation for CO2 laser heating of plasmas are discussed.