A leucine/valine substitution of growth hormone amino-acid 127 was genotyped in 221 Bavarian Simmental bulls by PCR/RFLP. Gene frequencies for leucine (L) and valine (V) were 0.68 and 0.32, respectively. Breeding values for meat traits were significantly different between genotypes. The heterozygous genotype LV was superior to LL and VV in both carcass gain (p < 0.01) and meat value, an index which includes carcass gain and classification score (p < 0.05). In relation to classification score, genotype VV was significantly better (p < 0.05) than LV and VV. No effects on milk breeding values were apparent even though those of milk composition approached significance. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Einfluß von Wacbstumshormon-Genotypen auf Zuchtwerte von Fleckviehbullen Ein Polymorphismus der Aminosäure 127 des bovinen Wachstumshormones wurde bei 221 bayerischen Fleckviehbullen mit PCR/RFLP genotypisiert. Die Genfrequenzen für Leucin (L) und Valin (V) betrugen 0.68 und 0.32. Es bestand ein signifikanter Einfluß auf die Fleischzuchtwerte. Der heterozygote Genotyp LV war in den Merkmalen Nettozunahme (p < 0.01) und Fleischwert (p < 0.05) den Geno-typen LL und VV signifikant überlegen. Im Merkmal Handelsklasse war Genotyp VV signifikant günstiger als LV und LL. Es konnten keine Beziehungen zu den Milchzuchtwerten beschrieben werden, allerdings grenzte der Einfluß auf Milchzusammensetzung an statistische Signifikanz.
A leucine/valine substitution at amino acid position 127 was identified by the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism in the bovine growth hormone gene. Genotyping was performed in 84 AI bulls of three different breeds, in which plasma concentrations of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) were also measured. Gene frequencies of variants L (leucine) und V (valine) were 0.80/0.20 (Black and White), 0.90/0.10 (Brown), 0.71/0.29 (Simmental). Hormone concentrations were measured during different physiological conditions (normal feeding, fasting, realimentation) in the majority of animals. Generally, genotype LL was associated with higher concentrations of GH than LV. This difference was significant in Black and White bulls (P < 0.05). In contrast, IGF-1 concentrations were higher in LV than in LL animals. This was most pronounced in mature, realimented Simmental bulls. We conclude that the various GH alleles influence the circulating concentrations of GH and IGF-1.
Abstract. Allele specific milk proteins were measured in 4544 samples from 2054 Fleckvieh (FV) cows in two succeeding years and in one year from 1809 Braunvieh (BV) cows partly crossbreds with Brown Swiss. The cows were from 454 and 403 sires, and in 316 and 46 farms, respectively. The allele specific milk proteins were measured photometrically. Gene action was mainly additive, but the aS1-CN BC was 2 to 4 % above the mean of the homozygotes and the heterozygotes at the CSN2 locus deviated from –2 to + 8 % from the means of the respective homozygotes. The extent of expression of the alleles varied. At CSN1S1 higher expression was shown by the B alleles in heterozygotes, and by the C alleles in homozygotes. At the CSN2 locus the statistically highly significant order of degree of expression was C>B>A. At the LGB locus allele both breeds showed higher expression than allele B and the difference between the expression of the two alleles in heterozygotes is twice of that observed in homozygotes. The CSN1S1 and CSN2 loci affected the synthesis of all caseins. The CSN3 locus shows statistically significant influence on κ-CN in FV. κ-CN appears to be influenced in particular by C2N2 alleles. The LGB locus shows much influence on the ß-LG content but little on caseins. The effects of CSN1S1 and CSN2 loci on the contents of αS2-CN and k-CN indicate epistasis. Polygenic influence accounted for one third to one half of the overall genetic variance of contents of Ca-sensitive caseins. k-CN shows much greater polygenic influence (two thirds to four fifth of the genetic variance) and ß-LG less (1/6 and less). The action of LGB was specific with none or very little influence on the caseins. Moreover, ß-LG was also unaffected by the casein loci. The effects of the alleles on the contents were similar in the two breeds. Repeatabilities were 2/5 to almost 3/5, heritabilities 1/4 to 1/3 with the exception of αS2-CN and k-CN where it was lower.
Zusammenfassung An zwei umfangreichen Stichproben der bayerischen Fleckvieh‐ und Braunviehpopulation mit jeweils etwa 2000 Tieren wurden bei den Merkmalen Milchserumeiweißgehalt, Caseingehalt, Gesamteiweißgehalt und Fettgehalt pleiotrope Wirkungen von β‐Lactoglobulin‐ und Casein‐Genotypen geschätzt. Alle Genotypen zeigten bei allen Eigenschaften und bei beiden Rassen Einflüsse, wobei zwischen den Wirkungen der Fleckvieh‐ und Braunviehpopulation eine gute Übereinstimmung deutlich wird. Die deutlichsten Effekte zeigten sich bei den Teilmerkmalen Milchserumeiweißgehalt und Caseingehalt. Ein beträchtlicher Teil der Genotypeneffekte verhält sich antagonistisch, so daß Kompensation bei den Hauptmerkmalen vorliegt. Summary Pleiotropy of β‐lactoglobulin und casein genotypes on milk composition in Bavarian Fleckvieh and Braunvieh The effects of β‐lactoglobulin and casein alleles on milk content of whey protein, casein, total protein and fat were estimated on some 2000 cows each of Bavarian Fleckvieh and Braunvieh. The effects of the alleles appeared to be similar in the two populations. The effects were most prominent on whey protein and casein content. Quite a number of alleles affect the contents of the different proteins antagonistically. Therefore the effects on the components of the total milk protein compensate each other. Résumé Effets pléiotropiques des génotypes β‐lactoglobuline et caséine dans la composition du lait du Fleckvieh bavarois et Braunvieh Les effets des alléles lactoglobuline et caséine de la teneur en lait de protéine du petit‐lait, caséine, protéine totale et teneur en graisse ont été estimés à environ 2000 vaches respectives des races Fleckvieh bavorois et Braunvieh. Les effets des alléles semblaient étre similaires dans les deux populations. Les effets les plus proéminents se montraient pour protéine du petit‐lait et teneur en caséine. Un antagonisme fut observé pour un nombre considérable d'effets génotypiques, de sorte qu'il existe compensation pour les caractéristiques principales. Resumén Efectos pleiotropicos de β‐Lactoglobulina y Caseína genotipos sobre los componentes de la leche en ganado manchado y pardo bavarico Los efectos de los alelos de β‐Lactoglobulina y Caseína sobre los componentes de la leche, como proteín séríca de la leche, caseína, proteîna y grasa total fueron estimados en las mismas 2000 vacas, en cada población de ganado manchado y pardo bavarico. Todos genotipos mostraron para todas las propiedades y en ambas razas influencias, donde una buena concordancia pudo ser obtenida entre los efectos de ambas poblaciones. Los efectos más claros se mostraron en el contenido de proteína séríca de la leche y contenido de caseína. Una considerable parte de los efectos genotípicos se portaron antágonicamente, pero mostraron compensación en las características principales.
Muzzle dermatoglyphics - n. ridges, granula and vibrissae - were analysed in various breeds. Differences among these in most traits were significant. Herd effects accounted for about 1/10 of the variance and heritability, estimated by combining sib, halfsib and dam-daughter correlations corrected for herd differences was above 50% for ridges and vibrissae and about 30% for granula. Genetic correlations between ridge counts and n. vibrissae in different nose fields, respectively, were high as they were between the former and n. granula but they were negative or very low between vibrissae and the other two traits. Asymmetry among the counts in the two muzzle sides was significant for nearly all traits, Heritabilities were low, around 10 to 20%, and the crossbreds had less asymmetry than their parental breeds. The correlations among asymmetry measures were low. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Rassenunterschiede und genetische Variabilität von Flotzmaulmustern Flotzmaulmerkmale - Zahl von Leisten, Warzen und Haaren - wurden in verschiedenen Rassen untersucht. Unterschiede zwischen diesen waren für alle Merkmale signifikant. Herdeneinflüsse verursachten etwa 1/10 der Varianz und Heritabilitätswerte, geschätzt aus Korrelationen zwischen Zwillingen, Halbgeschwistern und Töchter-Müttern, korrigien für Herdeneinflüsse, variierten zwischen 36 und mehr als 50%. Genetische Korrelationen zwischen Leistenzahl und Zahl von Haaren in verschiedenen Flotzmaulfeldern waren hoch, ebenso wie die zwischen ersteren und Zahl von Warzen, aber sie waren negativ oder sehr gering zwischen Haaren und den andern beiden Merkmalen. Asymmetrie zwischen Zahlen in beiden Flotzmaulhälften war signifikant für fast alle Merkmale. Heritabilitätswerte waren niedrig, etwa 10-20% und Kreuzungstiere zeigten weniger Asymmetrie als ihre Herkunftsrassen. Die Korrelationen zwischen Asymmetriemaßen waren niedrig.
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