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During operation, nuclear fuel rods are immersed in the primary water, causing waterside corrosion and consequent hydrogen ingress. In this review, the mechanisms of corrosion and hydrogen pickup and the role of alloy selection in minimizing both phenomena are considered on the basis of two principal characteristics: the pretransition kinetics and the loss of oxide protectiveness at transition. In zirconium alloys, very small changes in composition or microstructure can cause significant corrosion differences so that corrosion performance is strongly alloy dependent. The alloys show different, but reproducible, subparabolic pretransition kinetics and transition thicknesses. A mechanism for oxide growth and breakup based on a detailed study of the oxide structure can explain these results. Through the use of the recently developed coupled current charge compensation model of corrosion kinetics and hydrogen pickup, the subparabolic kinetics and the hydrogen fraction can be rationalized: Hydrogen pickup increases when electron transport decreases, requiring hydrogen ingress to close the reaction.

Deformation-induced phase transformation in atype 304 austenitic stainless steel has been studied in tension at room temperature and -50°C. The evolution of transformation products was monitored using X-ray diffraction (XRD) line profile analysis of diffraction peaks from as ingle XRD scan employing the direct comparison method. Crystallographic texture transitions due to deformation strain havebeen evaluated using (111) g pole figures. The tensile stress-strain data have been analyzed to explain the influence of underlying deformation-induced microstructural changes and associated texturechangesinthe steel. It is found that the initial stage of rapidlydecreasing strain hardeningrate in type 304 steel is primarily influenced by hcp e -martensite formation, and the seconds tage of increasing strain hardening rate is associated with an increasei nt he a # -martensite formation. The formation of e -martensite is associated with ag radual strengthening of the copper-type texture componentsupto15pct strain and decreasing with further strain at -50°C. Texture changes during low-temperature deformation not only change the mechanism of e -martensite formation but also influence the strain rate sensitivity of the present steel.

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