A detailed study and further development of the capillary model for charged wide-pore membranes is presented. Previous work on this model has either linearized the Poisson–Boltzmann equation and/or assumed a small Debye length-to-tube-radius ratio, or ignored axial concentration gradients. None of these simplifications are made here. The problem is characterized by a set of nine coefficients coupling the various transport phenomena. We establish these coefficients and combine them to form “figures of merit” which describe the energy conversion capability of the membrane in its various conversion modes. The capillary membrane is found to be considerably more efficient in electrodialysis than in either osmosis or electro-osmosis.

A Web-based survey of adults who experienced loss during the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks was conducted to examine the prevalence and correlates of complicated grief (CG) 2.5-3.5 years after the attacks. Forty-three percent of a study group of 704 bereaved adults across the United States screened positive for CG. In multivariate analyses, CG was associated with female gender, loss of a child, death of deceased at the World Trade Center, and live exposure to coverage of the attacks on television. Posttraumatic stress disorder, major depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and increase in post-9/11 smoking were common among participants with CG. A majority of the participants with CG reported receiving grief counseling and psychiatric medication after 9/11. Clinical and policy implications are discussed.

A previous study suggested that patientpractitioner agreement and follow-up in ambulatory care facilitates problem resolution as judged by patients. In this study in another medical practice, practitioner-patient agreement on what problems required follow-up was associated with greater problem resolution as judged by the practitioners regardless of the severity of the problems. In this study, patients did not judge problems mentioned only by themselves to be less improved than problems mentioned by both them and their practitioners. However, in this study more of the problems mentioned only by patients were mentioned in the note of the visit contained in the medicalThe initial process of care, recognition of patients' problems by practitioners, has received little attention in research although it is clear that all other processes (diagnosis, management, reassessment) depend upon adequate and accurate perception of the underlying reason for the visit. A growing literature, much of it from Great Britain,'-3 addresses this issue by analyzing the verbal interactions between doctors and patients and demonstrating patterns of communication that are intuitively considered dysfunctional. There also has been more systematic study of the gaps in recognition of patients' problems and of their impact on patient care. Accurate recognition of patients' problems is associated with better understanding on the part of patients,4'5 more compliance,6'7 and better outcomes.8'9 Practitioners do better at recognizing patients' problems when there is continuity of care.'0 Medical records specifically designed to improve information recognition also facilitate problem-recognition by practitioners. "-'3Roter showed that professional dominance of the practitioner-patient interaction could be reduced by encouraging patients to express their problems niore forcefully.'4 In a

Background The 11 September 2001 (9/11) attacks were unprecedented in magnitude and mental health impact. While a large body of research has emerged since the attacks, published reviews are few, and are limited by an emphasis on cross-sectional research, short time frame, and exclusion of treatment studies. Additionally, to date, there has been no systematic review of available longitudinal information as a unique data set. Consequently, knowledge regarding long-term trajectories of 9/11-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among highly exposed populations, and whether available treatment approaches effectively address PTSD within the context of mass, man-made disaster, remains limited. Methods The present review aimed to address these gaps using a systematic review of peer-reviewed reports from October 2001 to May 2016. Eligible reports were of longitudinal studies of PTSD among highly exposed populations. We identified 20 reports of 9/11-related PTSD, including 13 longitudinal prevalence studies and seven treatment studies. Results Findings suggest a substantial burden of 9/11-related PTSD among those highly exposed to the attack, associated with a range of sociodemographic and back-ground factors, and characteristics of peri-event exposure. While most longitudinal studies show declining rates of prevalence of PTSD, studies of rescue/recovery workers have documented an increase over time. Treatment studies were few, and generally limited by methodological shortcomings, but support exposure-based therapies. Conclusion Future directions for research, treatment, and healthcare policy are discussed.