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Seeley RJ, Schwartz MW. Neuroendocrine regulation of food intake. Acta Pædiatr 1999; Suppl 428: 58–61. Stockholm. ISSN 0803–5326 Maintenance of appropriate stores of metabolic fuels depends on carefully matching caloric intake to caloric expenditure. Achieving such‘energy balance’is a product of complex interactions of peripheral hormones with effector systems in the central nervous system (CNS) that regulate food intake and energy expenditure. Leptin is a hormone that is made in the adipocytes, circulates in the blood and interacts with receptors in the CNS. These receptors can be found in two different types of systems. One effector system is termed‘anabolic’and is activated by low levels of leptin during negative energy balance. This system (exemplified by the hypothalamic neuropeptide Y system) increases food intake and decreases energy expenditure to facilitate the regaining of lost energy stores. The other effector system is termed‘catabolic’and is activated by high levels of leptin during positive energy balance. This system (exemplified by the hypothalamic melanocortin and corticotrophin‐releasing hormone systems) decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure to facilitate the loss of excess energy stores. Further understanding of these systems is necessary to develop adequate treatments for disorders of energy balance, such as obesity and wasting. □Corticotrophin‐releasing hormone, energy balance, food intake, leptin, melanocortin, neuropeptide Y

would be earned if no price differential existed is examined. The analysis reveals that New York and Illinois are, by a large margin, losing the most yearly tax revenue (nearly $140M each) to out-of-state cigarettes. Other top ranking revenue-loss states in order include Florida, Washington, Minnesota, Massachusetts, Arizona, and Ohio. On the other end of the spectrum, states gaining the most revenue under the current price regime are in order, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, Indiana, West Virginia, Delaware, Missouri, Virginia, and Iowa. When all state gains (or losses) are summed, the net is a loss at $294.6M nationwide. In a second analysis of the fitted model, state-specific consumption estimates are derived under a regime in which a pack of cigarettes always costs the consumer $10 and in which there is no border price differential. The analysis reveals that the 2014 consumption estimate of approximately 13 billion packs of cigarettes drops to just under 8 billion under the nationwide $10 per pack regime. Conclusions: The analysis results suggest that state excise tax revenues are unfairly distributed due to tax avoidance or evasion behavior, and the net effect is a nationwide loss of almost $300 million in state revenues. This is money that could have been spent by high tax states towards their tobacco control goals, but instead went at a discount to states that have a lower excise tax, and likely weaker tobacco control goals. The analysis also revealed that a nationwide minimum price on tobacco could have a very strong effect on cigarette consumption, cutting out over a third of current consumption. These estimates are drawn from a model fitted to real and recent data. Moreover, the nature of the model allows for state specific idiosyncrasies that may affect price and adjacent state price effects to bear on the results, an approach not seen in the literature to date. However, the calculations involve assumptions that may not be realistic. For example, it is not clear that the price effect will remain the same at all price levels (i.e., the price effect may be non-linear). Also, a minimum price on cigarettes would not necessarily remove price differentials as assumed in the 10$ per pack scenario. Thus, the results of this study are best viewed as somewhat stylized views of what we are losing in the current price regime, and what we could achieve under another. Effects of Surgical vs. Non-Surgical Weight Loss on Mammary Tumor BurdenRossi EL, Bowers LW, Khatib SA, Smith LA, Doerstling SS, Lewis A, Seeley RJ, Hursting SD Background: Obesity is associated with increased incidence of basal-like breast cancer (BLBC), the most aggressive and lethal breast cancer subtype. Epidemiological data is conflicting on whether weight loss offers protection against BLBC in obese women; only interventions that typically result in significant sustained weight loss, such as bariatric surgery, produce a consistent anti-cancer benefit. Purpose: We sought to determine the differential effects of surgical and non-surgical weight loss...

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