Abstract. Beginning in summer 1977 and continuing through four consecutive seasons, we examined lame limb joints from 106 partially fattened cattle and 28,235 pairs of occipital condyles from fully fattened cattle for osteochondrosis. Of the 106 lame cattle, nine (8.5%) had characteristic lesions, usually in their stifle joints, and of the 28,235 atlanto-occipital joints, 1063 (3.8%) had lesions on their condyles.Slices of affected articular cartilage and subjacent bone were studied radiographically and histologically. Radiographs showed subchondral defects and epiphyseal "cyst-like" lesions, and histologic sections showed disarrayed and degenerated chondrocytes. Splits occurred along osteochondral junctions or in adjacent cartilage or bone. Some bone trabeculae had been replaced by fibrous tissue that, in some areas, extended deep into epiphyses.Osteochondrosis, a degenerative change in articular and growth plate cartilage of rapidly growing animals, is characterized clinically by prolonged limb lameness, and anatomically by disarray of chondrocytes, inadequate provisional calcification of cartilage, failure of endochondral ossification, retention of cartilage, and splits in cartilage and bone [3].Beginning in summer 1977 and continuing through four consecutive seasons, we examined small samples of limb joints and large samples of atlanto-occipital joints from slaughtered cattle for arthropathies and found this disease. Materials and MethodsMost cattle were Hereford, Angus, Charolais, and their crosses. Steers predominated. Their ages at slaughter ranged from 15 to 18 months. All had been fed high concentrate rations in feedlots of eastern Colorado, western Nebraska or western Kansas. They were slaughtered at one of three companies under federal inspection. Cattle with osteochondrosis were of two categories: those with limb joint lesions and lameness, and those with atlanto-occipital joint lesions and no recognized clinical signs. Some had become lame during the fattening period and were slaughtered prematurely for recovery of value. All others had been fattened through 90 to 140 days.During each of the four seasons, a sample of at least 25 lame cattle and a sample of nearly 529

ObjectiveTo determine if survival rates of preterm infants receiving active perinatal care improve over time.DesignThe German Neonatal Network is a cohort study of preterm infants with birth weight <1500 g. All eligible infants receiving active perinatal care are registered. We analysed data of patients discharged between 2011 and 2016.Setting43 German level III neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).Patients8222 preterm infants with a gestational age between 22/0 and 28/6 weeks who received active perinatal care.InterventionsParticipating NICUs were grouped according to their specific survival rate from 2011 to 2013 to high (percentile >P75), intermediate (P25–P75) and low (

VLBW infants carrying ≥ 2 NOD2 genetic risk factors of inflammatory bowel disease in adults have an increased risk for severe gastrointestinal complications, such as NEC requiring surgery. Therefore, infants might benefit from NOD2 genotyping followed by supplementation with probiotics. Replication studies are needed along with genome-wide arrays to allow risk-adapted prevention and therapeutic strategies.

Abstract. The etiology of abomasal ulcers/tympany was investigated in 48 animals from 36 ranches in Wyoming and Nebraska. Results indicate that subclinical trace mineral deficiencies of copper and/or selenium exist in the range cattle in west central Nebraska and Wyoming. Etiological agents most frequently incriminated by bacteriologic cultures and/or histopathic examination were Clostridium perfringens and Campylobacter species. Histopathologic evaluation of abomasums revealed 31 of 38 cases contained abundant gram-positive bacteria associated with the damaged abomasal mucosa. Campylobacter-like organisms were demonstrated in 9 of 38 cases using the modified Dieterle stain. Clostridium perfringens was isolated in 14 of 38 cases, and Campylobacter jejuni was recovered from 5 of 38 cases.