Cavity exciton-polaritons 1,2 (polaritons) are bosonic quasiparticles offering a unique solid-state system for investigating interacting condensates 3-10 . Up to now, disorder-induced localization and short lifetimes 4,6,11 have prevented the establishment of long-range off-diagonal order 12 needed for any quantum manipulation of the condensate wavefunction. In this work, using a wire microcavity with polariton lifetimes much longer than in previous samples, we show that polariton condensates can propagate over macroscopic distances outside the excitation area, while preserving their spontaneous spatial coherence. An extended condensate wavefunction builds up with a degree of spatial coherence larger than 50% over distances 50 times the polariton de Broglie wavelength. The expansion of the condensate is shown to be governed by the repulsive potential induced by photogenerated excitons within the excitation area. The control of this local potential offers a new and versatile method to manipulate extended polariton condensates. As an illustration, we demonstrate synchronization of extended condensates by controlled tunnel coupling 13,14 and localization of condensates in a trap with optically controlled dimensions.Modern semiconductor technology allows the realization of nanostructures where both electronic and photonic states undergo quantum confinement. In particular in semiconductor microcavities, excitons confined in quantum wells and photons confined in a Fabry-Perot resonator can enter the light-matter strong coupling regime. This gives rise to the formation of cavity polaritons, mixed exciton-photon states that obey bosonic statistics 2 . The polariton dispersion presents a sharp energy minimum close to the states with zero in-plane wave vector (k = 0) with an effective mass m * three orders of magnitude smaller than that of the bare quantum well exciton. Recently, polariton Bose-Einstein condensation 3-10 (BEC) and related effects such as vortices 15,16 or superfluid 17-19 behaviour have been reported at unprecedented high temperatures. As a result of their finite lifetime, cavity polaritons are a model system to investigate dynamical BEC (refs 20,21), also referred to as a polariton laser effect, with a technological control of the resonator geometry and the polariton lifetime. In previously reported polariton laser systems, the cavity lifetime and the photonic disorder prevented the build-up of extended condensates needed for the realization of polariton circuits 22,23 . The measured coherence length ranged at best from 10 to 20 µm (refs 4,6,11,24), a few times the polariton thermal de Broglie wavelength.Here, we report on the spontaneous formation of extended polariton condensates with a spatial coherence extending over 50 times the thermal de Broglie wavelength. These condensates, made of a quantum degenerated light-matter state, are strongly out of equilibrium, thus deeply differing from atomic BEC. Spatial control of such extended condensates is demonstrated, opening the way to a new range of physic...

We investigate the effect of interactions in zero-dimensional polariton condensates. The shape of the condensate wave function is shown to be modified by repulsive interactions with the reservoir of uncondensed excitons. In large micropillar cavities, when uncondensed excitons are located at the center, the condensate is ejected toward the pillar edges. The same effect results in the generation of optical traps in wire cavities. Once polariton condensates are spatially separated from the excitonic reservoir, spectral signatures of polariton-polariton interactions within the condensate are evidenced.