Extractions are associated with postoperative pain and swelling at the extraction site. Postoperative pain is usually moderate to severe in the first 12 h postoperatively and lasts for 3-5 days. However, with pain killers, these symptoms usually subside within 24 h. The aim of the study was to compare and evaluate the analgesic effects of Ketorolac and tramadol post operatively. Total of 100 patients requiring surgical extraction under local anesthesia were taken in the study. The study group consisted of patients aged between 25-40 years undergoing extraction of the mandibular molars. The patients were randomly divided into two groups (Group A & Group B) of 50 each. Group A patients were given Tramadol 50 mg and Group B patients were given ketorolac 10 mg postoperatively. Pain intensity was recorded after 30 minutes, 1st hr., 4th hrs, 6th hrs, 12th hrs and 24 hrs using the visual analog scale. Telephonic interviews were conducted to record the pain intensity of the patients. Pain was recorded on VAS (visual analogue scale). The data were coded and entered into IBM SPSS for statistical analysis. Descriptive and analytic approaches were used in the data analysis. Independent sample t test was used to compare the pain intensity in both the groups. On comparing the mean of the Visual Analog Scale it was found that the mean of Group B (Ketorolac) was found to be lesser than that of Group A (Tramadol) thus proving that Ketoralac had more analgesic effects compared to tramadol. Independent sample t test showed that the results were statistically significant. (p=0.021, p<0.05). Within the limits of the study, it was found that the maximum analgesic effect of Ketorol was achieved in 48 hours and the maximum analgesic effect of Tramadol was achieved in 72 hours and the results were statistically significant.

The head and neck area is a complex anatomical structure which includes various nonneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of lymph node, salivary gland, thyroid gland and soft tissue. Fine needle aspiration cytology of head and neck lymph nodes proved useful in separating inflammatory lesions, which do not require surgical excision from cystic and neoplastic lesions with good certainty. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a simple, feasible, cost effective and minimally invasive procedure. But histopathological examination is more valuable for confirmatory diagnosis in suspected lesions. Aim: To assess the utility of FNAC in diagnosis of head and neck lymph node lesions and to establish the diagnostic accuracy of cytology by comparing with the histopathological diagnosis, wherever possible. Materials and Methods: A 6 months retrospective study was done from March 2020 to August 2020 at Khaja Bandanawaz institute of medical sciences on 50 patients presenting with head and neck lymph node enlargement. Result: 50 cases were evaluated by FNAC. In this study out of 34 benign cases, 14 cases were of Reactive lymphadenitis, 17 cases of Granulomatous/Tuberculous lymphadenitis and 3 cases were of Acute suppurative lymphadenitis. Out of 16 malignant cases, 5 cases were of Non Hodgkins lymphoma, 2 cases were of hodgkins lymphoma and 9 cases were of metastatic carcinoma. Conclusion: FNAC has been found to be a satisfactory tool in the diagnosis of tubercular and malignant lymphadenopathy in our study. The lucidity and rapidity of the procedure makes it most appropriate for use on outpatient basis even in peripheral hospitals and dispensaries.