A preliminary antimicrobial disk assay of chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol extracts of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) leaf extracts showed that the n-butanol fraction exhibited the most significant antimicrobial activities against seven bacteria species, four yeasts, and four molds. Eight phenolic compounds were isolated from the n-butanol soluble fraction of artichoke leaf extracts. On the basis of high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, the structures of the isolated compounds were determined as the four caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, chlorogenic acid (1), cynarin (2), 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3), and 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4), and the four flavonoids, luteolin-7-rutinoside (5), cynaroside (6), apigenin-7-rutinoside (7), and apigenin-7-O--D-glucopyranoside (8), respectively. The isolated compounds were examined for their antimicrobial activities on the above microorganisms, indicating that all eight phenolic compounds showed activity against most of the tested organisms. Among them, chlorogenic acid, cynarin, luteolin-7-rutinoside, and cynaroside exhibited a relatively higher activity than other compounds; in addition, they were more effective against fungi than bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of these compounds were between 50 and 200 µg/mL.

Chloroform, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Cynara scolymus L. leaves, heads and stems were tested for their antifungal activity using the agar-well diffusion assay technique. The leaves extracts and the ethanol fractions were found to be the most effective extract against all the tested organisms. D

head, and stem were tested for their antimicrobial activity against 15 microbial species, including 7 foodborne head, and stem were tested for their antimicrobial activity against 15 microbial species, including 7 foodborne head, and stem were tested for their antimicrobial activity against 15 microbial species, including 7 foodborne head, and stem were tested for their antimicrobial activity against 15 microbial species, including 7 foodborne head, and stem were tested for their antimicrobial activity against 15 microbial species, including 7 foodborne bacterial pathogens, bacterial pathogens, bacterial pathogens, bacterial pathogens, bacterial pathogens, Bacillus subtilis Bacillus subtilis Bacillus subtilis Bacillus subtilis Bacillus subtilis, , , , , Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus, , , , , Agrobacterium tumefaciens Agrobacterium tumefaciens Agrobacterium tumefaciens Agrobacterium tumefaciens Agrobacterium tumefaciens, , , , , Micrococcus luteus Micrococcus luteus Micrococcus luteus Micrococcus luteus Micrococcus luteus, , , , , Es-Es-Es-Es-Escherichia