Water flooding and membrane dry-out are two major issues that could be very detrimental to the performance and/or durability of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The above two phenomena are well-related to the distributions of and the interaction between water saturation and temperature within the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). To obtain insights on the relation between water saturation and temperature, the distributions of liquid water and temperature within a transparent PEM fuel cell have been imaged using highresolution digital and thermal cameras. A parametric study, in which the air flow rate has been incrementally changed, has been conducted to explore the viability of the proposed experimental procedure to correlate the relation between the distribution of liquid water and temperature along the MEA of the fuel cell. The results have shown that, for the investigated fuel cell, more liquid water and more uniform temperature distribution along MEA at the cathode side are obtained as the air flow rate decreases. Further, the fuel cell performance was found to increase with decreasing air flow rate. All the above results have been discussed.

Water flooding is detrimental to the performance of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and therefore it has to be addressed. To better understand how liquid water affects the fuel cell performance, direct visualisation of liquid water in the flow channels of a transparent PEMFC is performed under different operating conditions. Two high-resolution digital cameras were simultaneously used for recording and capturing the images at the anode and cathode flow channels. A new parameter extracted from the captured images, namely the wetted bend ratio, has been introduced as an indicator of the amount of liquid water present at the flow channel. This parameter, along with another previously used parameter (wetted area ratio), has been used to explain the variation in the fuel cell performance as the operating conditions of flow rates, operating pressure and relative humidity change. The results have shown that, except for hydrogen flow rate, the wetted bend ratio is strongly linked to the operating condition of the fuel cell; namely: the wetted bend ratio was found to increase with decreasing air flow rate, increasing operating pressure and increasing relative humidity. Also, the status of liquid water at the anode was found to be similar to that at the cathode for most of the cases and therefore the water dynamics at the anode side can also be used to explain the relationships between the fuel cell performance and the investigated operating conditions.