Paper plane has a high potential to be upgraded as a Micro Air Vehicle (MAV). Due to its simplicity, paper plane offers easier design option compared to the biological inspired designs as shown in recent MAV development. However, researchers have underestimate and overlook the basic aerodynamic performance induced by these paper planes. This is due to its common usage as toys and wide range of paper plane design. Thus, the objective for current work is to analyse and compare the aerodynamics forces and its performance for selected paper plane design known as Glider, Wide Stunt Glider Plane and Stunt plane. A series of CFD simulations on each paper plane was executed by using ANSYS-CFX module. A steady state, incompressible flow Navier-Stokes equation (RANS) combined with Shear Stress Turbulence (SST) model were used in this works to solve flow problem over the paper planes. The analysis is mainly conducted to study and compare the lift coefficient (), drag coefficient ()and aerodynamic efficiency () performances for each paper planes. The results show that the Glider paper plane has managed to produce better performances in terms overall magnitude, stall angle, wider angle of attack (?) envelope and higher maximum lift coefficient magnitude compared to the other paper plane design. However, Glider paper plane has the least distributions by producing at least 14.3% larger magnitude compared to the other plane design at certain ? region. Instead, The Wide Stunt has promisingly produced better distribution by producing lower value compared to the other plane design. Based on performance, the Wide Stunt paper plane has produced better and maximum aerodynamic efficiency () magnitudes compared to the other design. Wide Stunt paper plane induced at least 6.4% better magnitude compared to the other paper plane design. Based on these results, it can be concluded that Wide Stunt paper plane has promising advantages which are very crucial for the paper plane especially during hovering operation, take-off and landing manoeuvre.

Manufacturing industries face numerous challenges, such as reducing their energy consumption. Minimising energy usage is one of the initiatives towards sustainable manufacturing. Many researches have studied the surface quality of machined part, but studies on energy consumption during machining process are limited. Different cutting paths operations may influence energy consumption during machining. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of cutting tool paths and parameters on energy consumption during machining. Aluminium 6061 alloy was face-milled using high-speed steel tool with different tool paths, namely, morphed spiral, parallel and spiral paths. The design of experiment technique was applied to optimise the experimental work, and response surface methodology was used to analyse the experimental result. Results showed that feed rate is the most influential parameter on the energy consumption of machining. Machining energy models were also generated for morphed spiral, parallel and spiral cutting paths. The R 2 of each model was higher than 0.92, which indicates that the model equations are applicable in predicting the energy consumption of a milling operation.