End-stage renal disease patients displayed increases in resting energy expenditure over the predicted values derived using normal populations. Resting energy expenditure was significantly higher in patients receiving dialysis, regardless of the modality, than patients with chronic renal failure. Daily energy intake was substantially less than required in all patient groups studied, suggesting that patients with renal failure could develop protein-calorie malnutrition because of increased resting energy expenditure, which is exacerbated by dialysis.

No abstract

Body fat measurements using ADP and DXA were correlated with those using BIA across a relatively wide range of body fat levels in adults with ESRD. However, BIA appeared to underestimate body fat and overestimate fat-free mass, possibly because of increased measurements of body water. Because ADP is convenient and does not use body water content in determination of body density and body composition, it has very good potential as a relatively new technique to estimate percent body fat in adults with ESRD.

These studies were designed to investigate the effects of i.v. administration of peptide YY ) on feed intake, acyl-ghrelin, and GH levels in castrated male pigs. Feed intake levels were evaluated during both ad libitum and fast-refed conditions, and plasma hormone responses were evaluated during fasting. During ad libitum feeding, i.v. injection of PYY 3-36 (30 mg/kg body weight, BW) significantly reduced feed intake levels within 3 h post-treatment. In the fast-refed condition, both single bolus injection (30 mg/kg BW) and i.v. infusion (0$25 mg/kg BW per min) of PYY 3-36 suppressed feed intake levels 1 h post-treatment. Duration of the elevation of plasma PYY levels induced by i.v. injection of porcine PYY 3-36 in ad libitum-fed pigs was longer compared with the values of fasted or fast-refed pigs. In the infusion study, the elevation of plasma PYY levels was maintained throughout the infusion period and values were reduced less than half at 15 min after termination of infusion. These results showed that the anorexigenic short-term effect of PYY 3-36 treatment corresponds to its half-life. However, i.v. PYY 3-36 injection did not influence plasma acyl-ghrelin levels. On the other hand, single bolus injection of PYY 3-36 increased plasma GH levels 30 min after treatment. Similar to previous findings in other mammalian species, the results of these studies show that PYY 3-36 can reduce feed intake levels; in particular, the effect is potent and acute in pigs. Furthermore, basal plasma PYY levels were higher in ad libitum-fed pigs than in fasted pigs suggesting that circulating PYY 3-36 levels influence satiety and contribute to the termination of feed intake in pigs.