Definitions for the required and available ductility used in seismic design are discussed. Methods for estimating the yield deformation and the maximum available deformation are described and suggestions are made for appropriate definitions. Examples are given of different imposed histories of inelastic displacement which have been used in the experimental testing of structures and structural assemblages in which cycles of quasi-static loading are applied. A quasi-static procedure for establishing the available ductility factor of a subassemblage by laboratory testing is recommended.

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This paper summarizes a review of the literature on the repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete buildings in seismic areas, with emphasis on the repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete columns. In particular, experimental and analytical investigations are described which provide information on the strength, ductility, and seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete columns repaired and strengthened by jacketing with or without added longitudinal reinforcement placed through the floor structure.

This report describes the observations and preliminary assessments of the members of the Reconnaissance Team of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering which visited Kobe, Japan and the surrounding areas following the Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake of 17 January 1995. The report covers aspects of the effects of the earthquake on the ground, lifelines, buildings, bridges and other structures, and the community. Lessons for New Zealand are discussed.