The existence of psychosocial risk factors for the development of malignancy has been postulated by many investigators. This study investigated selected psychosocial factors as predictors of malignancy. 110 male patients with undiagnosed subacute or chronic pulmonary x-ray lesions participated in a semistructured interview. Ratings were made of 5 subscales: 1) childhood instability, 2) job stability, 3) marriage stability, 4) lack of plans for the future, and 5) recent significant loss. The composite scale correctly predicted the diagnosis of 53 (80%) of the 66 patients with benign disease and 27 (61 %) of the 44 with lung cancer. The scale was at least as important as smoking history in predicting diagnoses. Thus, significant psychosocial risk factors for the development of malignant disease might well be incorporated in selecting highrisk individuals for cytological or other screening for lung cancer.

These results show that the cryoablation of primary breast lesions seems to be well suited to the palliative care of metastatic patients, particularly because of its good tolerance, low complication rate and ability to provide local or analgesic control. Advances in knowledge: Therapies are limited for these symptomatic patients at metastatic state of primary breast tumour. This study shows that cryoablation in palliative care is achievable in common practice, is effective in local control of the tumour and can provide immediate and long-term analgesic control.