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The current exploration of alternative fuels to conventional engines is tested on two fronts: the thermophysical property assessment and the other, real-time evaluation using engine testing using the fuel. The engine testing fueled with modified oils/esterified blends does give real-time analysis but at the cost of harmful emissions dumped into the polluted environment. The current work describes the use of possible simulations and the validity of simulation confirmed from real-time experimentation at varying engine compression ratios (CRs). Engine parameters were kept the same for simulations that were performed on the Diesel RK module and experimental analysis.Neem oil blends were prepared and tested for the composition of FFA and later the required properties were supplemented to software for possible thermal performance and emission detections. The thermal efficiency deviation observed between RK model and experimental values for CR 18 for Diesel, B20, B40, and Heat Transfer. 2022;51:7990-8004. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj B100 was 5.8%, 1.9%, 3.4%, and 2.1%, respectively, and for NOx, the deviation observed for Diesel, B20, B40, and B100 was 8.9% and 13.7%, 12.2% and 14.1%, and 9.4% and 11.1%, respectively. The peak HRR and cylinder pressures observed for software simulations and real-time experimental approaches did not vary much, but the peak values do differ by 6.7% and 4.7%, respectively.

Suspension system plays an important role in ride comfort and road holding. In this paper, the two degree-of-freedom quarter car model with passive and semi-active suspension system is designed using Matlab/Simulink. The semi-active suspension system is designed with MR damper. The control performance is compared between passive and semi-active suspension system. The results showsthe vehicle response results obtained from step and sine of road input simulations. In conclusion we concluded that semi active system gives 93.9% and 63.7% better result for step and Half sine input respectively.

Purpose This paper aims to present an experimental investigation and optimization of a low-temperature thermoelectric module to examine the influence of the main operating conditions. Design/methodology/approach In this work, a comparison was made by varying the various operating parameters such as heat source temperature, the flow rate of the cold fluid and the external load resistance. A Taguchi method was applied to optimize the parameters of the system. Three factors, including the external load resistance, mass flow rate of water (at the heat sink side) and heater temperature (at the heat source side) along with different levels were taken into account. Analysis of variance was used to determine the significance and percentage contribution of each parameter. Findings The experimental results show that the maximum power output 8.22W and the maximum conversion efficiency 1.11 per cent were obtained at the heater temperature of 240°C, the cold fluid mass flow rate of 0.017 kg/s, module temperature difference of 45°C and the load resistance of 5 O. It was observed that the optimum parameter levels for maximum power output determined as 5 O external load resistance, 0.17 kg/s mass flow rate of water and 240°C heater temperature (A1B3C3). It reflects that these parameters influence on the optimum conditions. The heater temperature is the most significant parameter on the power output of the thermoelectric module. Originality/value It is clear from the confirmation test that experimental values and the predicted values are in good agreement.

In current research work, an attempt has been made to join dissimilar metals by employing friction stir welding (FSW), i.e., AA3003-H12 (aluminium alloy) and C12200-H01 (copper alloy). The experiments are designed as per full factorial design at different process parameters, namely tool pin profiles, rotational speed, welding speed, and shoulder diameter while the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), and percentage elongation (% E) are considered as a performance parameter. Moreover, a statistical tool, i.e., analysis of variance (ANOVA) is also utilized to check the adequacy of the results. It is observed that the higher UTS, % E and YS are obtained by employing a taper pin profile tool at a rotational speed of 1800 rpm, a welding speed of 16 mm/min, and a shoulder diameter of 22.5 mm. The ANOVA results showed that the rotational speed is the most significant factor for current research work. In addition, a scanning electron microscope is utilized for microstructural analysis of welded joints. It is witnessed that the minimum grain size, i.e., 4 microns, is obtained for highest strength specimen and the maximum grain size is obtained for the lowest strength specimen i.e., 31 microns. Besides this, the swirling of cu particle is also observed from advancing side (AS) to the retreating side (RS). Moreover, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) indicates the formation of intermetallic compounds i.e. Al2Cu, Al9Cu4 at nugget zone (NZ). The hardness is found to be higher at NZ due to the presence of Al-Cu intermetallic.