Acyl radicals were smoothly generated from acylsilanes under photoredoxcatalyzed conditions. These radicals were formed upon ultraviolet B (UV-B), solar, or visible light irradiation by using decatungstate and acridinium salts as photocatalysts. Acylation of Michael acceptors and a few styrenes resulted in a smooth preparation of unsymmetrical ketones in yields up to 89%.

The phase diagrams of the systems PbBr2 + MeBr(Me=Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Tl) have been measured by visual and DTA methods.The structures and the thermal characteristics of the intermediate compounds have been pointed out by X-ray diffractometric technique and by DTA-calorimetric measurements, respectively.Moreover, the thermodynamic behaviour of these systems has been discussed.During the last few years, the study of systems containing lead bromide has caught the attention of many authors. In particular, for the systems formed by PbBr2 + MeBr (Me = alkali metal or thallium), Russian authors 1 have investigated various combinations of different salts including binary, ternary and reciprocal systems.The present work was undertaken to continue the study of the thermodynamic properties of systems formed by two salts with bi-monovalent cations and common anion 2 . In order to eliminate gaps found in the work of previous authors, particularly in the study of the solid phases, we have analyzed the systems formed by PbBr2 with (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Tl)Br.Diffractograms taken on intermediate compounds enabled us to characterize the lattice parameters. Moreover, measurements of transition and fusion effects were carried out for compounds with congruent melting points, in order to discuss the solidliquid (SL) curves in the phase diagrams on the basis of structural models. Experimental SectionDTA measurements: The SL curves were measured by DTA and direct visual techniques already described 2 . For the determination of the heats of transition

Miscibility gaps for the solid systems AgCl + NaCl and AgBr+NaBr have been measured by a high temperature X-ray technique.For the two studied systems the solubility curves are very nearly symmetrical in respect to the compositions zNaCl = -513 and £NaBr = -506, while the upper critical temperature are 198 °C for AgCl + NaCl and 285 °C for AgBr+NaBr.The thermodynamic properties of the two solid systems have been calculated using only experimental solubility data. Values of activity and of enthalpy of mixing were estimated and compared with those reported in literature.In 1965 KLEPPA and MESCHEL 1 measured the heats of formation of solid solutions in the systems AgCl + NaCl and AgBr + NaBr. On the basis of a previous work 2 reporting for AgCl + NaCl a miscibility gap (MG) with a critical temperature near 175 °C, the authors 1 stated: "since the positive enthalpies of formation of the bromide solutions are about 20% smaller than those for the corresponding chlorides" for the system AgBr + NaBr "a critical temperature somewhat below 175 °C is predicted".More recently for the solid system AgBr + NaBr, Japanese authors 3 found, by study of galvanic cells, a MG confirmed by X-ray diffraction measurements. According to these authors the critical temperature for an equimolar mixture is between 300 °C and 350 °C.Owing to latter findings that contrast with Kleppa and Meschel's prediction we decided to experimentally reexamine the extension of the MG in the solid phase for both systems AgCl + NaCl and AgBr + NaBr. In order to describe as accurately as possible the limits of the MG, high temperature X-ray diffraction measurements were carried out giving particular care to the sample preparation. Through these data, we attempted a description of the general thermodynamic properties of these systems. The results were compared, when possible, with those reported in literature. Finally, for a complete description of the phase diagrams of the two systems, solid-liquid (SL) curves were determined by DTA measurements.Reprint requests to Prof. Experimental a) Apparatus and MaterialsThe apparatus for DTA measurements has already been described 4 . For X-ray measurements a Philips apparatus, employing Ni-filtered CuKa radiation fitted with a high temperature camera (MRC mod. X-86 N-II), was properly modified 5 to improve temperature homogeneity and control. Thus it was possible to reach temperatures up to 600 °C, controlled within +1°C.NaCl and NaBr were C. E r b a RP; AgCl and AgBr were obtained by precipitation from AgN03 (C. Erba RP). All salts were dried following the usual literature methods. b) ProceduresThe mixtures to be analyzed by X-ray diffraction were prepared by melting the components in a quartz tube and quenching the melt in liquid oxygen in order to obtain a uniform mixture. The finely powdered mixture transferred on the sample holder of the camera was held at 350 °C under N2 for about 6 hours. After the existence of a solid solution was confirmed, the sample was slowly cooled to the desired temperature and there held f...

It is known from the literature that a slight distortion of the ideal cubic cell is present in the NiO structure. This work shows that such a distortion can be accurately evaluated by means of a refinement of the structural and profile parameters of X-ray powder diffraction data. Moreover, since only small amounts of products are sometimes at disposal to perform structural characterizations, it was thought useful to extend the refinement procedure to X-ray data collected on NiO samples of much lower mass (15-60 mg) than those usually utilized in X-ray diffractometric studies. The results obtained show that reliable structural parameters can be obtained from low mass samples too

No abstract