Artículo de publicación ISIA high proportion of plant species is predicted to be threatened with extinction in the near future. However, the threat status of only a small number has been evaluated compared with key animal groups, rendering the magnitude and nature of the risks plants face unclear. Here we report the results of a global species assessment for the largest plant taxon evaluated to date under the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List Categories and Criteria, the iconic Cactaceae (cacti). We show that cacti are among the most threatened taxonomic groups assessed to date, with 31% of the 1,478 evaluated species threatened, demonstrating the high anthropogenic pressures on biodiversity in arid lands. The distribution of threatened species and the predominant threatening processes and drivers are different to those described for other taxa. The most significant threat processes comprise land conversion to agriculture and aquaculture, collection as biological resources, and residential and commercial development. The dominant drivers of extinction risk are the unscrupulous collection of live plants and seeds for horticultural trade and private ornamental collections, smallholder livestock ranching and smallholder annual agriculture. Our findings demonstrate that global species assessments are readily achievable for major groups of plants with relatively moderate resources, and highlight different conservation priorities and actions to those derived from species assessments of key animal groupsConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia 000000000011820
2.5 de la vía a Samborondón, Guayaquil, Ecuador. ٭Corresponding authorWe report the first record of Eptesicus innoxius in northwestern Ecuador, in the province of Esmeraldas, occurring in a disturbed area, at 134.3 km northwest from the nearest known locality in Ecuador, which represents an important latitudinal extension in the distribution of this species. A predictive distribution model is presented using a total of 43 records from localities of Ecuador and Perú, and its distribution area is determined by a minimum convex polygon (PMC). The sensitivity value obtained in the test data was 0.984 and the area under curve ROC (AUC) value obtained (0.979) indicates an acceptable confidence level. Based on new records and known records, we estimate its distribution area in 135,243 km 2 . The environmental variables with the greatest influence in the distribution of E. innoxius were: Precipitation seasonality (37.4 %), minimum temperature of coldest month (20.1 %), precipitation of driest month (14.5 %), and mean temperature of wettest quarter (12.8 %). This data show that E. innoxius has been recorded mainly in tropical dry forest, but also has presence in humid areas. Within these new reports, we recommended an upgrade of its conservation status in Ecuador and Perú.Se presenta el primer registro de E. innoxius al noroccidente de la costa ecuatoriana, en la provincia de Esmeraldas, dentro de una zona alterada, a 134.3 km noroeste del registro conocido más cercano en Ecuador, el cual representa una importante extensión en la distribución latitudinal conocida para esta especie. Se realizó un modelamiento predictivo de su distribución, utilizando un total de 43 registros de localidades presentes en Ecuador y Perú, y se determinó su área de distribución mediante el método del polígono mínimo convexo (PMC). El valor de sensibilidad obtenido en la prueba fue de 0.984 y el valor del área bajo la curva (AUC) fue de 0.979, lo cual indica un nivel de confianza aceptable. El área de distribución obtenida en base a los registros utilizados fue de 135,243 km 2 . Las variables ambientales con mayor influencia en la distribución de E. innoxius fueron: estacionalidad de la precipitación (37.4 %), temperatura minima del mes más frío (20.1 %), precipitación del mes más seco (14.5 %), y temperatura media del cuatrimestre más lluvioso (12.8 %). De acuerdo con los registros, esta especie habita preferentemente en zonas de bosque seco, pero puede llegar a habitar en zonas de transición con mayor humedad. Basándonos en los nuevos registros obtenidos, se recomienda realizar una nueva evaluación de su estado de conservación en Ecuador y Perú.
ResumenEspostoa frutescens, conocido como cactus lanudo del sur del Ecuador, se conoce solo de nueve localidades confirmadas en Ecuador y actualmente se encuentra listado como casi amenazado (NT) por la UICN. Se analiza la distribución, extensión de ocurrencia y el área de vida de esta especie, y se evalúa su estado de conservación actual. Se presenta el primer modelo de hábitat / nicho basado en los registros conocidos y el primer acercamiento geográfico para esta especie. En base a los nueve registros confirmados se construyó un modelo de hábitat / nicho de máxima entropía determinando previamente las variables ambientales de mayor importancia para el modelo. Se obtuvo un índice predictivo aceptable (0.971) para el modelo final. Se determinó las zonas de mayor probabilidad de ocurrencia para esta especie y se estimó el área de vida mediante el método del polígono mínimo convexo (PMC). El área prioritaria más importante identificada para la conservación de esta especie se sitúa al sur del Ecuador, entre las provincias de Azuay y Loja. Se recomienda utilizar el presente modelo como una herramienta útil para futuras evaluaciones de la conservación de esta especie. Palabras clave: Ecuador, Espostoa frutescens, modelo de nicho ecológico, área de vida. AbstractEspostoa frutescens, known as Ecuadorian southern woolly cactus, is known only from nine confirmed localities in the south of Ecuador and is currently listed as near threatened (NT) by the IUCN. We analyze the distribution, occurrence extension and home range of this species, and evaluate its current conservation status. Based on the nine known records and the first geographic approach to this species, a habitat / niche model is presented, which was built by previously determining the most important environmental variables for the model. An acceptable predictive index (0.971) was obtained for the final model. The areas of major probability of occurrence for this species were determined and the home range was estimated by the use of the polygon minimum convex method (PMC). The most important priority area identified for the conservation of this species is located in the south of Ecuador, between the provinces of Azuay and Loja. We recommend the use of the present model as a useful tool for future evaluations of conservation of this species.
Energy in all its forms is essential to humanity and is central to the improvement in people's quality of life.The continuous increase in energy demand, the inevitable decline in the availability of fossil fuels, and the growing concerns about climate change have sparked a number of initiatives from governments around Energy ratio analysis of genetically-optimized potato for ethanol production in the Chilean market AbstractThe continuous increase in energy demand, the high cost of imported oil, and the growing concerns about climate change have sparked a number of initiatives from governments around the world to increase production of energy from renewable sources. Along these lines, the Chilean government is analyzing the introduction of a law to set a reference value of 5% of biofuel production to be placed on the market by 2013. The analysis of different options to meet this new regulatory measure needs to consider different alternatives such as biodiesel and bioethanol from crops or lignocellulosic biomass. This paper analyzes the energy ratio of some of the most common crops grown in Chile that can be utilized for ethanol production. Using a methodology adapted to local conditions of agriculture and transportation, the results indicate that a potato cultivar specially bred for high yield, high starch and dry matter content can obtain a positive net energy balance with an energy ratio of 1.8. The results also show yields near 60 tons ha -1 which translate to approximately 9,000 L ha -1 of ethanol making the genetically optimized cultivar of potato a suitable local source for ethanol production.Additional key words: biofuel, energy flow, Solanum tuberosum. Resumen Análisis de la ratio de energía para papa optimizada genéticamente para la producción de etanol en el mercado chilenoEl aumento continuo en la demanda de energía, el alto coste del petróleo importado y la preocupación creciente sobre el cambio climático, han impulsado iniciativas de los gobiernos alrededor del mundo para aumentar la producción de energía a partir de fuentes renovables. El gobierno chileno está analizando la introducción de una ley para poner un valor de referencia del 5% de producción de biocombustibles en el mercado para 2013. El análisis de opciones para implementar esta nueva regulación necesita considerar diferentes alternativas como el biodiesel y bioetanol de cosechas o biomasa de lignocelulosa. Se analizó la ratio de energía de algunas de las cosechas más comunes en Chile aptas para su utilización en la producción de etanol. Usando una metodología adaptada a las condiciones locales de agricultura y transporte, los resultados indican que una variedad de papa genéticamente modificada con altos rendimientos, alto contenido de almidón y volumen de la materia seca, puede obtener una ratio de energía neta positiva de 1,8. Los resultados también muestran rendimientos de 60 ton ha -1 que producen aproximadamente 9.000 L ha -1 de etanol, que hacen una fuente local conveniente a la variedad genéticamente perfeccionada de papa pora la ...
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