No abstract

A study on Schistosoma haematobium among primary school children in Gerei Local government Area of Northeastern Nigeria was conducted to determine the infection prevalence and relationship among primary school children and to assess infection rate in respect to age and parents occupation of the subjects. A total of three hundred school children were randomly selected from two primary schools within the Local Government Area. The samples was examined for the ova of Schistosoma haematobium using sedimentation technique.The overall prevalence rate of 33.3% was observed. Higher infection rate was observed among males, 64(21.3%) than their female, 40(13.3) counterpart. However, there was no statistical significant difference (P>0.05). Prevalence was also noted to be higher among Pupils 10 years and above, 19.0% followed by age group 8-9 years, 10.7%, while the least was recorded among pupils within 6-7 years 5.0%. Chi-square revealed that, there was association between age group and rate of infection (p<0.05). Infection rate in relation to parents' occupation implies that, children whose their parents are farmer had the highest infection rate of 20.7% followed by those whose their parents are civil servants with 9.0% infection rate. Traders' children had the least with 5.0%.

Background: In Nigeria, an infection caused by Schistosoma haematobium has been known to be endemic especially among residents along Rivers, and it is responsible for considerable public health problems. Aims: This study aimed at assessing the prevalence and intensity of infection among the vulnerable communities. Study Design: A cross-sectional study involving 1,404 participants within age bracket 5-55 years old and above, in ten communities across five Local Government Areas along River Benue in Adamawa State, was conducted. Urine samples were collected from randomly selected study subjects and were examined using centrifugation and sedimentation techniques. The intensity of infection was ascertained as eggs/10mls of urine and values expressed as Mean ± SD. Data on demography were obtained by structured questionnaires. The simple percentage was used and Chi-square as well to ascertain the associations between prevalence and other parameters. P<0.05 was considered as significant. Results and Discussion: The overall prevalence and intensity of infection were 23.2% and 513±0.05 eggs/10 ml of urine respectively. Kabawa had the highest infection rate and intensity with 12.4% and 80±0.02 respectively. The lowest was recorded in Kangle (12.3% and 24±0.82 eggs/10 ml), with a significant association between parasite intensity and community (p<0.05). Gender-related prevalence and intensity revealed that males (25.5% and 289±4.66 eggs/10 ml) were more affected than the females (20.8% and 206±4.49 eggs/10 ml). Participants within age bracket 5-14 years old had the highest prevalence (36.6%) and intensity (142±0.005 eggs/10 ml), while the lowest was recorded among age group 45-54 years old with 9.0% and 42±0.040 eggs/10 ml. Prevalence and intensity of infection was highest among Subjects fetching water from River/Streams (31.8%, 46±0.080 egg/10 ml of urine), whereas the least were observed among borehole fetchers (13.8% and 241±0.302 egg/10 ml of urine). Occupational related prevalence and intensity were highest among Fishers with 35.0% and 188±0.012 egg/10 ml of urine. Chemotherapy and Health Education should be advocated across the study area. Conclusion: This study has established that Schistosoma haematobium infection is prevalent among the residents living along the River Benue in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Although infection was more among the males than the females, there was no significant difference, but there were significant differences in prevalence and intensity with age, the source of drinking water, and occupation.

Owing to the adverse effect of synthetic pesticides, there has been increasing need to search for natural and environment friendly pesticides of plant origin as agents for control of vector of mosquito-borne diseases. This study was aimed to investigate the larvicidal activities of North eastern botanicals against vector of mosquitoes-borne diseases. Five mosquito repellent plants used by the indigenous people of north eastern, Nigeria were analysed for their effectiveness against Anopheline mosquitoes. The methanol and petroleum ether were analysed for their phytochemical properties. The methanol and petroleum ether extracts were investigated for phytochemical compounds with larvicidal activities against anopheline 3rd instar larvae through using deferent extracts of methanol and petroleum ether of different concentration that ranged from 50-200 ppm.  The larvicidal were observed after every six hours for total period of 36 hours. The extracts of Hyptis suaveolens and Azadirachta indica of both methanol and petroleum ether extracts showed high toxicity effects against anopheline. The test plants contained phenol, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, azadrachtin, glycosides saponins, terpenoids and steroids. In conclusion, the present plant extracts have potentials for development of new and safe control products for mosquitoes. As natural occurring insecticides, these plants derived materials that could be useful as an alternative for synthetic insecticides.

In Nigeria, infection caused by Schistosoma haematobium has been known to be endemic especially among residence along Rivers. This study was a cross-sectional that involved 1,404 participants in ten (10) communities across five Local Government Areas (LGA) in question, they were randomly selected from July to September 2016 and from February to April 2017. Urine samples collected were examined using sedimentation technique while intensity was ascertained as eggs/10mls of urine and values were expressed as Mean±SD. Data on demography were obtained by structured questionnaires and was computed using SPSS version 22. Out of the overall prevalence and intensity of Urinary schistosomiasis 23.2% and 513±0.05 eggs/10mls of urine that were recorded, Kabawa had (12.4% and 80±0.02) prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis and lowest in Kangle (12.3% and 24±0.82 eggs/10ml) with significance association between intensity of urinary schistosomiasis and community (p<0.05). However, Gender related prevalence and intensity revealed 25.5% and 289±4.66 eggs/10ml as the highest while, 20.8% and 206±4.49 eggs/10ml were recorded as the lowest among males and females respectively. Furthermore, prevalence and intensity by age shows that, participants within age bracket 5-14 years old had the highest prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis (36.6%) and (142±0.005 eggs/10ml) respectively. While, low prevalence and intensity urinary schistosomiasis was recorded among age group 45-54years old 9.0% with (42±0.040 eggs/10mls). Subjects fetching from River/Streams had high prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis compare to borehole fetchers 13.8% and 241±0.302 egg/10ml of urine, 31.8%, 46±0.080 egg/10ml of urine and respectively. Occupational related prevalence and intensity was highest among Fishers with 35.0% and 188±0.012 egg/10ml of urine while, lowest prevalence and intensity were recorded among Business men4.8%, and 36±0.020 egg/10ml of urine among Civil servants. In conclusion, this study has shown moderate prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis, therefore, chemotherapy and Health Education should be advocated from time to time across the study area.