No abstract

The effects of fibre coarseness on the papermaking properties of softwood pulps have been demonstrated. While reducing fibre length or strength reduces mainly sheet strength, changes in fibre coarseness influence virtually all pulp properties — drainage, wet-web strength, and the structural, strength, and optical properties of the dry sheets. The effects are large, and are explained on the basis that coarser fibres have thicker walls, are fewer per unit pulp mass, and have smaller specific surface area. Implications for the quality of market chemical pulps are discussed.

The biological restoration presented as a cost effective, clinician friendly, less-technique sensitive, and esthetic alternative to commercially available restorative materials used for restoring deciduous teeth affected by ECC.

No abstract

Independent effects of fibre length and strength on the properties of pulp, and on the physical properties of the dry sheets have been demonstrated. Apart from improving formation, which indirectly influences many sheet properties, reducing fibre length has little direct effect on the sheet structural and optical properties, but does reduce mechanical properties. The loss in fibre strength also has little direct effect on the sheet structural and optical properties, but severely reduces those mechanical properties which are controlled by the breaking of fibres. Implications for market pulps are discussed.