This review reports on proceedings of a bone histomorphometry session conducted at the Fortieth International IBMS Sun Valley Skeletal Tissue Biology Workshop held on August 1, 2010. The session was prompted by recent technical problems encountered in conducting histomorphometry on bone biopsies from humans and animals treated with anti-remodeling agents such as bisphosphonates and RANKL antibodies. These agents reduce remodeling substantially, and thus cause problems in calculating bone remodeling dynamics using in vivo fluorochrome labeling. The tissue specimens often contain few or no fluorochrome labels, and thus create statistical and other problems in analyzing variables such as mineral apposition rates, mineralizing surface and bone formation rates. The conference attendees discussed these problems and their resolutions, and the proceedings reported here summarize their discussions and recommendations.

The use of telemedicine is long-standing, but only in recent years has it been applied to the specialities of trauma, emergency care, and surgery.despite being relatively new,the concept of teletrauma, telepresence, and telesurgery is evolving and is being integrated into modernc are of trauma and surgical patients. This paper will address the current applications of telemedicine and telepresence to trauma and emergency care as the new frontiers of telemedicine application. The university medical center and the arizona Te lemedicine program (aTp) in Tu cson, arizona have two functional teletrauma and emergency telemedicine programs and one ad-hoc program, the mobilet elemedicine program. The southern arizona Te lemedicine and Te lepresence (saTT) program is an inter-hospital telemedicine program, while the Tu cson eR-link is al ink between prehospital and emergency room system,and both are built upon asuccessful existing award winning aTpand the technical infrastructureofthe city of Tu cson. These two programs represent examples of integrated and collaborative community approaches to solvingthe lack of trauma and emergency care issue in the region. These networks will not only be used by trauma, but also by all other medical disciplines, and as such have become an example of innovation and dedication to trauma care. The first case of trauma managed over the telemedicine trauma program or "teletrauma" was that of an 18 month-old girl who was the only survival of acar crash with three fatalities. The success of this case and the pilot project of saTT that ensued led to the development of ar egional teletrauma program serving close to 1.5 million people. The telepresence of the trauma surgeon, Latifi, R. S. Weinstein,J.M.Porter,M.Ziemba, D. Judkins,D.Ridings, R. Nassi, T. Valenzuela, M. Holcomb, F. Leyva through teletrauma, has infused confidencea mong local doctors and communities and is beingu sed to identifyk nowledgeg aps of rural health care providers and the needs for instituting new outreach educational programs.

In this paper, we describe the progress toward the development of miniaturized imaging systems with applications in medical imaging, and specifically, detection of pre-cancer. The focus of the article is a miniature, optical-sectioning, fluorescence microscope. The miniature microscope is constructed from lithographically printed optics and assembled using a bulk micromachined silicon microoptical table. Optical elements have been printed in a negative tone hybrid glass to a maximum depth of 59 m and an rms surface roughness between 10-45 nm, fulfilling the requirements of the miniature microscope. Test optical elements have been assembled using silicon-spring equipped mounting slots. The design of silicon springs is presented in this paper. Optical elements can be assembled within the tolerances of an NA = 0 4 miniature microscope objective, confirming the concept of simple, zero-alignment assembly.

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