The propagation of environmental gamma rays through the human body was calcuIated using the 3-dimensional Monte-Carlo code DISDOS. These calculations were performed with the aim of determining the gonadal dose with a statistical accuracy of 10% or less for each of the energies considered. The ratio of exposure to absorbed dose in the human body averages about 0.6. A mean annual gonadal dose produced by environmental gamma rays in the U.S. was calculated to be 32 rt 4% mrad/yr. The mean annual dose to the red marrow was calculated to be 29 i 0.1% mrad/yr (the errors cited being purely statis-

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Dose rates in water have been determined for the two types of 125I seed currently used in brachytherapy. The need for such determinations became evident when water/air ratios measured with a silicon diode were found to be lower than expected. Extensive measurements using lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD's) have been performed in a solid water phantom, at distances from 0.1 to 10 cm from the seed center and at angular increments of 10 degrees, 15 degrees, or 30 degrees within a plane through the seed axis. Dose calibration of the TLD's was accomplished by irradiation in air with 125I seeds of the same type and of strengths traceable to a calibration at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Relative calibration of TLD's was monitored by irradiation, in an oven-type x-ray machine, of control dosimeters simultaneously and all dosimeters intercurrently with the 125I irradiations. Values obtained for the dose rate constant, i.e., dose rate per unit air-kerma strength at 1 cm on the transverse axis, were 0.853 and 0.932 cGy h-1 U-1 (1.08 and 1.18 cGy h-1 mCi-1) for the 6711 and 6702 seeds, respectively. Measured data were supplemented with Monte Carlo-calculated relative dose rate data generated using the MORSE code. These calculations used 100 energy groups from 10 to 35.4 keV and involved energy collection bins ranging from 0.025 to 1.2 cm on an edge. Normalized at 1 cm, transverse axis calculated data are not significantly different from measured data (ours or cited literature) at distances either less than 2.5 or greater than 8 cm. Normalized at different distances along the transverse axis, our off-axis calculated and measured distributions agree closely at all angles but differ from literature measured distributions at small (less than or equal to 1 cm) distances and, for small angles, increasingly at larger distances (greater than or equal to 5 cm).

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