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Infertility defines as the inability to conceive naturally after one year of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. The chance to conceive depends on the length of sexual exposure, frequency of coitus and couples age. Only 5% of the couples will conceive after one and half year or two years. Both males and females are equally responsible for the causes. Factors contributing to infertility have included male factors (sperm abnormality), female factors (an ovulation), couple factors (luteal phase defect, poor sperm production) and factors of unknown origin. Infertility has always existed but is now recognized as a global reproductive health problem and as an important component of reproductive health. It is a world wide health concern and affects 8 -15% of couples. The knowledge regarding fertility and biology of reproduction was poor. Many women have little awareness about the fertility period and the risk factors.1. To assess the knowledge and attitude of infertile couples attending gynecological OPD. 2. To assess the possible risk factors and social consequences towards infertility. This is a cross sectional observational study conducted on infertility patients attending to R l Jalappa hospital and research centre from February 2018 to July 2018.we designed a fertility questionnaire for both the partners with questions covering knowledge and attitude towards infertility. Out of 154 couples, prevalence of primary and secondary infertility was 72.1% and 27.9% respectively. The mean duration of infertility was 2.97 years. On scoring their level of knowledge, (n= 80) had inadequate, (n= 68) had moderate knowledge and (n= 6) had adequate knowledge. There was no statistically significant difference in the knowledge in relation to their educational qualification and type of infertility among participants.

OBJECTIVE: This is a hospital based, prospective clinical study on incidence of retinopathy of prematurity changes in preterm infants and associated risk factors. METHODS: Neonates with gestational age <37wks and/ or birth weight ≤ 2500gms born over one year period were examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy between 2 to 4 weeks after birth, and followed up till retinal vascularization was complete. Maternal and neonatal risk factors were noted and data analyzed by statistical package SPSS-15. RESULTS: 100 babies were thus examined. The overall incidence of retinopathy of prematurity was 40%, 22%in babies' ≤34wks of gestation and 52% in babies with a birth weight1500-2000g. Majority were in stage 2. Gestational age (<32weeks), Birth weight (<1500g), RDS, surfactant therapy, PDA were found to be risk factors. CONCLUSION: Meticulous fundus examination with indirect ophthalmoscopy in all preterm babies with gestational age<37weeks and birth weight ≤ 2500gms is essential noninvasive method for early detection of ROP and its progression. Screening should be intensified in the presence of factors like RDS, oxygen administration and presence of PDA. KEYWORDS: ROP -Retinopathy of prematurity, RDS -Respiratory distress syndrome. INTRODUCTION:Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is an important cause of preventable blindness in children. 1 Recent advances in neonatal care in the last decade, have improved the survival rates for premature infants. Consequently, the incidence of ROP has increased in parallel. Early identification of retinal damage and the institution of appropriate treatment prevent blindness and offer child better overall development. 2 ROP is characterized by abnormal neovascular development in the retina of premature infants. This causes a fractional retinal detachment, which is the main cause of visual impairment and blindness in ROP. 3 Three factors have shown consistent and significant association with ROP: low gestational age, low birth weight and prolonged exposure to supplementary oxygen following delivery. 4 Other putative risk factors include mechanical ventilation, 5 sepsis, 6 intra ventricular hemorrhage, 4 surfactant therapy, 7 anemia, 8 frequent blood transfusions, 8 and apnea. 8 The precise roles of these factors individually in the progression of the disease have not yet been determined.