Under the prevailing overall Conditions of all veterinarians for the diagnosis of biliary diseases, application of surgical procedures and liver transplantation in Cats as carnivorous pet animal, and Rabbits as herbivorous pet animal and also as a human model in research. The present study was constructed on twelve native breeds of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and eighteen adult domestic cats (Felis catus domesticus). We concluded that, in brief; the rabbit gall bladder was relatively small, fixed by several small hepato-cystic ducts to its fossa. The rabbit bile duct was formed commonly by the junction of the left hepatic duct and the cystic duct. The cystic duct was commonly fairly large, received the right hepatic duct that collected the right lobe in its route to enter the duodenum, the bile duct receives the branch of the caudate process of the caudate lobe. The present study revealed other four anatomic variations dealing with the shape and size of the feline native breed's gall bladder from fundic duplication, bilobed, truncated fundus and distended rounded fundus. Commonly, the bile duct was formed by the triple convergence of the left and the right hepatic ducts with the cystic duct. However, in some exceptional cases a short common hepatic duct was formed.Sonographically, the normal gall bladder in rabbit appeared small, elongated with anechoic lumen bordered by right lobe laterally and quadrate lobe medially and has no visible wall, but in cat varied in conformation, bordered by the right medial lobe laterally and the quadrate lobe medially surrounded by echogenic wall.

Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is a common urinary problem facing small animal veterinarians all over the world. There are few data about the occurrence and prevalence of this condition among tomcats in Egypt, especially regarding obstructive FLUTD. Urethral obstruction was more prevalent in the Persian breed, 2-3 years old intact tomcats kept mostly on dry food with occasional access to water. This affection occurred more commonly in winter months and especially in case of aggression and stress between tomcats. Physical, haematobiochemical evaluation and urinalysis were performed for cases with obstructive FLUTD. The anatomical analysis of the urethral anatomy of tomcats revealed that the most susceptible parts of urethra for obstructions were at the prostatic and the membranous urethra, isthmus urethrae and the penile urethra. Also, anatomical data were very helpful during treatment with catheterisation. The present study throwed a light on the diagnostic evaluation and epidemiology of the obstructive feline lower urinary tract disease among tomcats at the Small animal hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.

T he African helmeted turtle (Fritz and Havaš, 2007) small to medium sized, characterized by retraction of their neck in both sides (Pecor, 2003; Warren, 2015), living in South America and Africa (Warren, 2015), in freshwater lakes and rivers (Boycott & Bourquin, 2000). The diaphragm was replaced by presence of post-pulmonary membrane or horizontal septum which didn't regulate the pressure in the lung (Trevizan-Baú et al., 2018). The external skeleton of the turtle was different from mammals and avian as it supported by shell covering its coelomic cavity which composed of the carapace dorsally and plastron ventrally (Delfino, et.al., 2009; Silva, et.al., 2010; Baldini, et.al., 2019). MAterIAlS AnD MethoDS This study has the approval number of Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University for using life animal in this research Vet CU16072020189. In our study we used five female juvenile African helmeted turtle which research Article Abstract | African Side-necked Turtle is a popular pet, used as food in addition to its ecological importance. It lives in freshwater at Sub-Saharan Africa, and in southern Yemen, of family Pelomedusidae which has unusual movements of the head. Five female juvenile African helmeted turtles were anesthetized with Xylazine 1mg/Kg/IM and ketamine 20mg/Kg/IM, after that, they were sacrificed by sodium thiopental at 2.5% in the lethal doses of 60mg/Kg/IV, then opened at the inguinal scute and dissected freshly. The absence the diaphragm leads to nonattendance of the pleural and abdominal cavities which substituted by the presence of ventral coelomic area and dorsal retro-coelomic area divided by the horizontal septum (transverse pleuroperitoneal membrane). Concerning the digestive tract and associated organs; the openings of the pharynx were six openings; paired internal choanal opening and Eustachian tubes openings, single glottis and aditus esophagus. The diameters and length of the small intestine parts differs. The jejunum was long extending from the right coelom to the left coelom. A small cecal bulb was present at the right of the median plane. The liver has five lobes; right medial and lateral, left medial and lateral and middle lobes, also a gall bladder was present. The compact pancreas has head, long body and triangular tail. In the respiratory organs; the lungs were very long covering more than half of the carapace's length till reached caudally to ovary and the kidneys. Both kidneys were elliptical located at retro coelomic area at the same level in the pelvis region in relation to adrenal gland, ovary, and lung. The juvenile female reproductive system of the turtle consisted of a pair of ovaries, two oviducts, mesovarium and a mesosalpinx. The paired immature Ovaries were elliptical elongated granulated in appearance with yellow coloration.

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