Chronic psycho-emotional stress can cause dysfunction of neuroimmunoendocrine dysregulation with consequences in the form of a violation of the functional potential of the immune system. Adaptation to new living conditions at the start of studies at a medical university is one of the inevitable circumstances that first-year students overcome. Education under the military training program at a medical university carries an additional stress load in this aspect. Research on the mechanisms of formation of adaptive reactions of the immune system during training under the military training program for officers of the medical service is of undoubted interest. The purpose of the study was to compare the clinical manifestations of immune-mediated pathology and the parameters of adaptive and innate immunity of medical students depending on the length of service and training program. Under observation were 104 medical students, all men, of which 37 were first-year students and 67 were third-year students of a medical university. The subjects of each course were divided into two subgroups depending on the training program. The group of first-year students consisted of 18 people from the military training center (VTC) and 19 people from the medical and preventive faculty (LPF). Among the third-year students of the VUC – 31, LPF – 36. For the clinical characterization of the incidence during the year of study, registration cards for the analysis of immune-mediated pathology were used, the parameters of the immune system at the end of the spring semester were studied using standard methodological approaches. The data obtained indicate that in the first year students with an additional load in the form of a military training program have a more difficult time adapting to learning in comparison with first-year students of the medical faculty. These differences consist in a more frequent and significant clinical manifestation of infectious pathology and are reflected in the functional potential of cellular parameters of innate immunity. The statement of signs of inhibition of the functional potencies of macrophage cells and natural killers in firstyear students of a military training center is an alarming factor in the possible disruption of the adaptive reserves of the immune response system, which probably suggests the need to develop programs to prevent the negative impact of stress-forming factors. By the third year of study, the students of the military training center have the best clinical and immunological indicators of the functioning of the immune system in comparison with the students of the standard educational program of general practitioners. It is likely that during this period the process of psychological adaptation of military medical students is completed.

Adaptation for new social conditions is an inevitable factor which the first-year students undergo when entering a medical school. Immune system as a part of entire structural and functional homeostatic complex, is involved into the adaptive reactions, thus pointing to its participation in fitting the new lifestyle among first-year students. One should note some peculiarities of immune reactions which depend on the organization pattern of educational process: despite common features of studies, the training environment for beginners at the military training center (VTC) is different from those for students at the medical and preventive faculty (LPF). The purpose of our study was to compare quantitative and functional parameters of immune system in the first-year students at a medical university, depending on distinct features of educational arrangement.The study included 36 first-year students of the Medical University divided into two groups, comparable for age, sex, and physical condition. The first group included 18 first-year VUTS students, whereas the second group consisted of 18 LPF pupils. Studies of immunological parameters in peripheral blood were carried out three months after the training was started. We have assessed counts and functional potential of T cells, their subpopulation profile, B lymphocyte counts, and serum level of IgA, IgM and IgG, total numbers of natural killer cells and proportion of cytolytically active forms, oxygen-producing activity of neutrophils, and the numbers of peripheral monocytes expressing type 2,4 Toll-like receptors (TLR). Comparison of the adaptive immune response parameters did not reveal any gross differences between the groups. At the same time, evaluation of markers reflecting functional potential of innate immunity cells revealed distinct signs of immune reactions, depending on the faculty of the first-year students. It has been shown that the proportion of functionally active NK-cells containing lytic granzyme B granules was lower in the EUTC students. Also, military medical students have a statistically significantly lower relative and absolute number of peripheral blood monocytes expressing surface TLR 4. The detected signs of suppressed functional potential of macrophages and natural killer cells in the first-year OUV students represent the possibly alarming factor of impaired adaptive reserves of immune system. The data obtained are of interest for development of immune rehabilitation programs to prevent clinical manifestations of immune dysfunction.