The imaging performance of 3D 1060-nm OCT is unique, producing maps that show the variation in ChT over the entire field of view, in relation to axial length. This imaging system has the potential of visualizing a novel clinical diagnostic biomarker. Compared with 800-nm OCT, it provides superior visualization of the posterior pole in cataractous eyes.

3D-1060nm-OCT has shown that the central choroid is thinner in all type 2 diabetic eyes regardless of disease stage. The choroidal thinning may exceed the magnitude of possible choriocapillaris atrophy. In contrast to the conventional assessment of pathologic thickness change in several locations, thickness maps allow investigation of the choroid over the extent of affected areas.

Prevalence of DR within the largest reported community-based, quality assured, DR screening programme, was higher in persons with type 1 diabetes; however, the major burden is represented by type 2 diabetes which is 94% of the screened population.

Objectives To determine the incidence of any and referable diabetic retinopathy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending an annual screening service for retinopathy and whose first screening episode indicated no evidence of retinopathy.Design Retrospective four year analysis.Setting Screenings at the community based Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Service for Wales, United Kingdom.Participants 57 199 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, who were diagnosed at age 30 years or older and who had no evidence of diabetic retinopathy at their first screening event between 2005 and 2009. 49 763 (87%) had at least one further screening event within the study period and were included in the analysis.Main outcome measures Annual incidence and cumulative incidence after four years of any and referable diabetic retinopathy. Relations between available putative risk factors and the onset and progression of retinopathy.Results Cumulative incidence of any and referable retinopathy at four years was 360.27 and 11.64 per 1000 people, respectively. From the first to fourth year, the annual incidence of any retinopathy fell from 124.94 to 66.59 per 1000 people, compared with referable retinopathy, which increased slightly from 2.02 to 3.54 per 1000 people. Incidence of referable retinopathy was independently associated with known duration of diabetes, age at diagnosis, and use of insulin treatment. For participants needing insulin treatment with a duration of diabetes of 10 years or more, cumulative incidence of referable retinopathy at one and four years was 9.61 and 30.99 per 1000 people, respectively. ConclusionsOur analysis supports the extension of the screening interval for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus beyond the currently recommended 12 months, with the possible exception of those with diabetes duration of 10 years or more and on insulin treatment. IntroductionDiabetic retinopathy remains a major cause of visual impairment and blindness in the United Kingdom, 1 with its early detection and timely treatment 2-4 capable of reducing the risk of visual loss. The evidence that screening for diabetic retinopathy is cost effective 5 6 has led to the establishment, over the past 20 years, of several screening programmes at local, regional, and national levels throughout the UK and elsewhere, varying in size, design, and complexity. 7 8 Various methods have been used to screen for diabetic retinopathy, including ophthalmoscopy (direct and indirect); 9 obtaining retinal images (for example, Polaroid images), 9-11 35 mm transparencies, 12 and more recently digital images with 13 or without mydriasis; 14 15 as well as combining ophthalmoscopy with retinal photography. 16 17 In 1999, the National Screening Committee for England and Wales recommended the use of digital photography through dilated pupils to screen people for diabetic retinopathy 18 19 from the age of 12 years. A national consensus protocol for grading and disease management, based on annual screening, 20 was also developed as part of the year...

Abstract. In this paper we define the first "Regional Atmosphere and Land" (RAL) science configuration for kilometre scale modelling using the UM and JULES. "RAL1" defines the science configuration of the dynamics and physics schemes of the atmosphere and land. This configuration will provide a model baseline for any future weather or climate model developments to be described against and it is the intention that from this point forward significant changes to the system will be documented in literature. This is reproducing the process used for global configurations of the UM which was first documented as a science configuration in 2011. While it is our goal to have a single defined configuration of the model that performs effectively in all regions, this has not yet been possible. Currently we define two sub-releases, one for mid-latitudes (RAL1-M) and one for tropical regions (RAL1-T). The differences between RAL1-M and RAL1-T are documented and where appropriate, we define how the model configuration relates to the corresponding configuration of the global forecasting model.