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The determination of trace concentrations of the platinum group elements in gold bullion can be significant for establishing the geographical location from which the gold was mined. Platinum is of particular importance for ancient gold as a marker of provenance. While many techniques have been used successfully to quantify Pt in a nearly pure Au matrix, wavelength dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (WDXRF) has not yet been evaluated for this application. This paper demonstrates that Pt can be determined in gold coins with a limit of detection of 20 mg g À1 (k ¼ 3). Typical relative standard deviations were observed to range from 2% to 3% for Pt determined in gold coins (at 326 and 339 mg g À1 , respectively). The low bias created from the imprinted coin design raising the coin up (compared to a completely flat coin piece) was largely overcome by making a 50 mm trough in the sample cup to lower the coin relative to the X-ray tube to compensate for the coin design. Determined Pt concentrations on the side of the coin with the imprinted design were within +1 to À13% of the values obtained with the opposite side where the design was removed by polishing (measured in a normal sample cup) using the same XRF method. This method was deemed fit for purpose for historians wanting to track changes in Pt concentration in ancient Roman gold coins over long time intervals.

The Chronograph of 354 has been held in high estimation since the beginning of the ninth century. Its illustrations, calendar, consular fasti, Easter table, and lists of urban prefects, bishops of Rome, and martyrs makes it not only a useful and beautiful text but one particularly evocative of the time and place of its creation. In spite of the major studies of this work that have been undertaken since 1850 its history from its creation in Rome in the last months of 353 down to the copying of the surviving manuscripts is still only incompletely understood. The results of modern analysis have left incomplete, contradictory, and often tralatitious conclusions that are in need of a reevaluation from first principles, which is presented here. This reevaluation not only clarifies the historical journey of this text through 1,600 years, but also establishes which texts were, and were not, part of the original compilation in 353.

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