Two peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) lines, one with bunch growth habit and one runner, were derived from each of two crosses (genetic backgrounds). The four lines were tested at two row spacings [91 cm (conventional) and 46 cm] for 3 years to study relationships between growth habit and seed production with a minimum of confounding by genetic background. While yields of both bunch and runner lines were increased by close rows (16 and 5%, respectively), the increase for the runner lines was not statistically significant. Yield increases from close rows were highest in the more favorable seasons and by the line with the smallest plants. Significant interactions indicated that seasonal variations impose greater problems in isolating superior‐yielding genotypes than the effects resulting from differences in plant growth habit or row spacings. Season and genetic background also had significant effects on seed weight, shelling percent, and percent shriveled seed, whereas row spacing and growth habit had comparatively little effect on these factors. A highly significant genetic background ✕ growth habit interaction was also obtained. Yield was influenced more by genetic background than by growth habit. In one background the bunch line was equal in yield to the runner line, while in the other background the runner line was significantly higher yielding. No significant interactions occurred between row spacing and genetic background for any of the measured characteristics, indicating that superior genotypes selected in normally spaced rows should also be superior in close rows.

Data on six soil types in North and West Florida for 2 years were used to evaluate subsoiling and deep placement of fertilizer. Lime, fertilizer, fertilizer plus lime, and fertilizer plus lime plus minor elements placed in the subsoil were compared with subsoiling alone and surface fertilization at low and high rates. Corn yields, root distribution and the chemical composition of ear leaves were used to measure responses. Where organic hardpans existed, as on the Leon fine sand, Ona fine sand, and combinations of these soil types with related soils, yield increases were obtained for subsoiling alone and fertilizer, lime and/or minor elements placed in the subsoil. Responses to fertilizer were related to the chemical composition of the soil profile and rainfall distribution. Better responses were obtained when moisture stress periods occurred during the first part of the season. The Norfolk loamy fine sand, Ruston fine sandy loam and Red Bay fine sandy loam soils contained compact clay zones or plow soles beneath the surface. When drought periods were of short duration, subsoiling and deep placed fertilizer improved corn yields above the check. When the drought period was of 25 days' duration the advantage of having a deeper root system and a larger corn plant was lost. On the Klej fine sand where there was nothing in the profile to impede roots, fertilizer on the surface was as good as. deep placement and subsoiling alone was of no benefit. The residual effects of the subsoiling treatments were generally small. There was some indication that it would be necessary to subsoil annually even though additional fertilizer in the subsoil may not be needed.

IntroductionAs the number of mass gathering events increases, so too does the reliance on tertiary emergency healthcare services. Approximately 1% of event attendees may present to a local emergency department for clinical assessment and/or management. Often, these attendees are transported by ambulance services. The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency and location of events held in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. This information may be used by event and health service personnel to further inform event planning such as staffing, equipment and economic considerations when large events in the community occur. MethodsThis descriptive study used data scraping of an established data warehouse to identify events held in the 2017 calendar year by name, type, location (within the state of NSW) and duration. Using Google Maps, the distance and travel time between these events and the nearest emergency department (ED) was determined. Data was analysed using simple descriptive statistics. ResultsOf the 722 events in NSW analysed, 395 were single-day events. The majority of these were concerts (n=284, 39%), followed by festivals (n=259, 36%) and sporting events (n=176, 24%). The average distance and time to arrive at an ED from an event was 15.0 (±35.8) kilometres and 15.4 (±27.2) minutes, respectively. ConclusionExisting literature has highlighted that event attendees are regularly transported to emergency departments from events. This research has demonstrated that events occur frequently with varying vicinity to nearest EDs, with the majority of events occurring near territory care centres. However, there is limited research on the impact on emergency healthcare services resulting from an event.