Magnetic actuation principles using superparamagnetic beads suspended in a fluid are studied in this paper. An experimental setup containing a submicroliter fluid volume surrounded by four miniaturized electromagnets was designed and fabricated. On the basis of optical velocity measurements, the induced behavior of single beads and ordered chains was analyzed and compared to a theoretical model. This research can be used to develop new techniques for accelerated transportation in lab-on-a-chip bio-assays.
The specific volume change of Bisphenol A polycarbonate was
measured at room temperature
for several years. The effects of formation conditions like
cooling rate and pressure, the addition of low
molecular additives, and injection molding and quenching were
investigated. The volume shrinkage at
long times was found to be much higher than extrapolated from short
term measurements. A general
pattern is observed in the volume recovery curves. They start with
a small constant slope on the
logarithmic time scale. After about 107 s a transition
is observed to a much steeper slope. Whereas in
the first section the characteristic increase in τeff is
observed, the volume recovery during the transition
can be fitted quite well with a single exponential. The sharp
transition suggests that there is a long
retardation time, which may represent the genuine α-relaxation.
It also means that the self-retardation
during physical aging is finite. The slope at long times
(>107 s) scales with the distance from
equilibrium,
as extrapolated from measurements close to T
g.
The cooling rate during vitrification affects the slope
in
the first zone only, while the formation pressure leads to a vertical
shift of the curves. Addition of low
molecular weight additives leads to a dramatic densification and
accelerates the volume recovery.
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