Российский научно-исследовательский институт проблем мелиорации, Новочеркасск, Российская Федерация ПУТИ УСОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЯ СОИ Цель исследования-выявление новых элементов возделывания сои для усовершенствования ее технологии. В статье представлен обзор существующих на настоящий момент технологий возделывания сои от традиционных до инновационных, включающих нулевую (No-Till) или полосную (Strip-Till) обработку почвы, а также «разумную» технологию, при которой исключается большая часть операций, что дает значительную экономию горюче-смазочных материалов по сравнению с традиционной. Но сравнительный анализ показал, что применение нетрадиционных технологий с получением положительных результатов возможно только на высокоокультуренных почвах. Выводы: проведенные аналитические исследования показали, что введение инноваций в элементы технологии возделывания сои определяется, прежде всего, ее сортом, а затем способом полива, а также обеспеченностью климатическими и почвенными ресурсами. Элементы технологии изменяются также в зависимости от состояния в хозяйствующих субъектах материально-технических и трудовых ресурсов и получения заданной (планируемой) урожайности сои. Ключевые слова: соя; элементы технологии; фазы развития; удобрения; обработка; сорт.

Purpose: to find out the degree of adaptation of early-ripening soybean cultivars selected by domestic originating institutions to Rostov region conditions during irrigation. Materials and methods. The research was carried out in Oktyabrsky district Rostov region. The object of research is the soybean cultivars Selecta 201, VNIIOZ 31, Olympia and Donchanka. Observations on morphological and biological features of the soybean varieties development under irrigation were made. The studies were carried out according to generally accepted methods. Results. The most productive cultivar Selecta 201 with a yield of 4.3 t/ha was selected. The lowest yield was recorded on the cultivar VNIIOZ 31 – 3.6 t/ha, which is lower than the standard Donchanka by 0.2 t/ha. However, this cultivar is the best in terms of protein content, it exceeds the standard by 2.6 %, and the Selecta 201 variety by 5.8 %. Olympia cultivar selected by the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Oilseeds showed an average yield of 4.1 t/ha which is 0.3 t/ha higher than the yield of the standard for 3 years of research. A comparative analysis of the main characteristics of soybean cultivars presented by breeders and obtained in the course of research showed a significant increase in soybean yield under irrigation – by 1.6 times on the Selecta 201 cultivar, more than 3.0 times – on the VNIIOZ 31 cultivar, 2.9 times – on the Olympia cultivar and 1.9 times – on the Donchanka cultivar. Qualitative indicators of grain in terms of protein content when testing early-ripening varieties were 1.07–1.16 times higher than the selected ones, except for the Selecta 201 cultivar, there was no significant difference in fat content. Conclusions. The studied cultivars showed a high degree of adaptation to the agro-climatic conditions of Rostov region by irrigation, and thus proved the feasibility of cultivating early-ripening soybean cultivars of the presented selections.

Purpose: to determine the impact of phosphogypsum rates in combination with organic matter on the properties of integrated cover soils, their productivity, and also to substantiate the economic feasibility of their application for chemical reclamation during irrigation. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out in the Martynovsky district Rostov region for 4 years on the integrated cover soils according to the scheme of the experiment, including the application of phosphogypsum (Ph) and organic matter (OM) at certain rates. The studies were carried out according to generally accepted methods. Results. It has been stated that the phosphogypsum application at 10 t/ha rate contributed to the southern chernozem desalination up to 3 % sodium from the total soil-absorbing complex and an calcium and magnesium increase to the optimal parameters for this soil. On the solonetz, the content of exchangeable sodium decreased to 9–8 % in the variants with 10 t/ha Ph rate. In the variant with 5 t/ha Ph rate, the process of soil salinization proceeded somewhat more slowly, which is associated with an insufficient ameliorant rate for the solonetz. The accumulation of humus to the greatest extent was observed in the variant 10 t/ha Ph + 40 t/ha OM. After 4 years, it amounted to 0.24 % on the southern chernozem, and 0.19 % on the solonetz. Both soils included in the complex decompacted, and in the better option, the southern chernozem density was 1.17 t/m³, and on the solonetz – 1.20 t/m³. The soil properties improvement contributed to the increase in productivity. By the 4th year of the aftereffect of ameliorants, it increased by 73–85 % on the southern chernozem and by 69–79 % on solonetz compared with the control. The average productivity for 4 years of research on the southern chernozem ranged from 7.18 (5 t/ha Ph + 40 t/ha OM) to 8.03 t grain units/ha (10 t/ha Ph + 40 t/ha OM), and in the control 4.82 t grain units/ha. On the solonetz, respectively, it increased from 6.03 to 6.93 t grain units/ha, in the control – 4.30 t grain units/ha. Conclusions: the application of phosphogypsum with organic matter provides both reclamative and economic effect on solonetz integrated cover soils.

Purpose: to study the impact of irrigation regimes on soybean water consumption, development and yield. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on meadow-chernozem soils of Oktyabrsky district Rostov region in 2021–2022. Experience consists of five options: 1) control 1 m; 2) 1.2 m; 3) 0.8 m; 4) 0.6 m; 5) without irrigation. Field experiments and statistical processing of data were carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods, taking into account zonal features. Results. The influence of irrigation regimes on soybean plants height, the yields formation and the structure of net consumptive water use was determined. It has been determined that in the slightly dry year 2021, the irrigation regime consisted of four irrigations, and in the very dry year 2022 there were six irrigations. Watering rate on the control was 450 cubic meters per hectare. Irrigation rate in 2021 changed from 1080 to 2160 cubic meters per hectare, and in 2022 – from 1620 to 3240 cubic meters per hectare, depending on the irrigation regime and the moisture supply of the growing season. The most intensive growth of soybean plants was observed after the flowering phase, and the height reached its maximum values in the bean filling phase. Irrigation regimes with increased and reduced irrigation rates led to a decrease in soybean yield by 7–40 %. On average, the maximum yield was obtained in the control variant (1 m) – 4.18 t/ha. In the non-irrigated variant, the yield was 1.97 t/ha, which is 53 % lower than the control one. The net consumptive water use during the growing season varied from 3132 to 5472 cubic meters per hectare, depending on the conditions of moisture supply. In the structure of net consumptive water use irrigation water accounted for 31 to 49 %, and precipitation – from 48 to 84 %. Conclusions. On average for 2 years, the highest soybean yield was obtained in the control variant (1 m) – 4.18 t/ha. A 20 % reduction in irrigation rate resulted in a 7 % yield reduction and irrigation water savings of 450 cubic meters per hectare. The net consumptive water use of crops was from 3132 to 5472 cubic meters per hectare, depending on the options.

Purpose: to assess the possibility of growing crops on soils contaminated with heavy met-als. Discussion. The danger of pollutants accumulation in the “soil – plants” system is deter-mined. The ways of inactivation of heavy metals in soil by improving its properties and increasing its buffering capacity are considered. Agricultural crop cultivation is possible on soils contaminated with heavy metals after assessing their content on the plots. Lands are allowed for development with background levels of contamination with heavy metals and a neutral reaction of the soil medium, but with the use of proven fertilizer systems. On soils with the heavy metals presence within the limits of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC), complex measures should be carried out in accordance with soil properties, including chemical reclamation, the organic and mineral fertilizers application and crops accumulating little pollutants (legumes, cereals and industrial crops) should be included in crop rotations. Soils that contain heavy metals above the MPC and on which it is impossible to obtain good-quality products should be used for cultivating crops which can be used as raw materials for industry (flax, cotton, etc.). Conclusions: the analysis of scientific sources showed that it is possible to grow crops on soil contaminated with heavy metals, but the above mentioned provisions should be followed.