Aim: To compare the histomorphological changes in the precentral gyrus of cerebral cortex of albino rats by taking green tea and black tea aqueous extract. Study design: Experimental Study Duration of study: 30 days study conducted in Animal Experimental Research Laboratory of PGMI and Department of Anatomy, King Edward Medical University, Lahore. Methodology: 90 albino rats were divided into three groups of 30 animals each. Rats in the group I were given distilled water, while group II and group III received green tea and black tea aqueous extract respectively. At the end of 30 days of experiment, brains were removed and studied for histological changes. Results: When comparison among all the three groups was made at 30 days time, p-value was significant for gliosis i.e. p<0.01. However, experimental group III revealed more gliosis among all the three groups. Necrosis was absent in all the groups and was not statistically analyzed. Conclusion: Gliosis caused by black tea is highly significant as compared to green tea. Key words: Cerebral Cortex, Green tea, Black tea, Gliosis, Necrosis.

Orbit is an important bony cavity which lodges eyeball and associated  structures for our fundamental sense of vision. Knowledge regarding  accurate morphometric measurements of its margins and depth will help in diagnosis and treatment plans of various optic functions. Previous studies showed racial differences in different populations we want to collect data in local population of Asian region as we are lacking data in this region. This study was carried out on 64 bony orbits of 32 dry Asian human skulls. Measurements from right and left bony orbits were taken by digital vernier calipers in millimeters and entered in SPSS 18.0 for calculation of mean and standard deviation.Results were obtained from different orbital margins. Right superior, inferior, medial and lateral orbital margins showed results as 31.30 ± 2.329 mm, 33.59 ± 3.35 mm, 29.57 ± 2.28 mm and 28.37 ± 2.023 mm respectively. While left superior, inferior, medial and lateral orbital margins were 30.944 ± 2.1080 mm, 31.19 ± 2.54 mm, 29.567 ± 2.36 mm and 28.14 ± 2.286 mm respectively. Right sided depth from optic canal to frontomaxillary suture was 41.40 ± 2.88 and left sided depth was 39.93 ± 3.33 mm. Data collected in Asian population showed differences from other races. This study covers important area regarding helpful in surgeries of this region as precise measurements could avoid injuries and postoperative complications.Key Words: Orbital Margin, Pakistan

Aim: To determine the frequency of anatomical variations of cystic duct. Study design: Descriptive Case Study Place and duration of study: Anatomy Department of King Edward Medical University Lahore and duration of study was from August 2018 to December 2019. Methodology: The dissection of 43 cadavers was done and extra hepatic biliary tract was explored. The length of cystic duct and site of insertion of cystic duct in common hepatic duct was noted. The length of cystic duct <1 cm was taken as short cystic duct and >4cm as long cystic duct. The insertion of cystic duct near porta hepatis is high insertion and near duodenum is low insertion. Results: The mean length of cystic duct was 2.67±0.71 cm. Out of 43 cadavers 2(4.7%) of cadavers had short cystic duct. 41(95.3%) of cadavers had normal length of cystic duct. There was no cadaver observed with long cystic duct. Out of 43 cadavers 39(90.7%) of cadavers had mid insertion of cystic duct, 4(9.3%) of cadavers with high insertion of cystic duct and no cadaver with low insertion. Conclusion: The most common anatomical variation of cystic duct is high insertion of cystic duct 9.3%. Keywords: Anatomical variations, cystic duct, cholecystectomy.